<div id="readability-page-1">The Bank of Japan held rates at its April meeting but warned upside inflation risks are rising as crude oil prices surge, with several members flagging possible hikes as soon as the next meeting.Summary:<ul><li>The Bank of Japan kept its policy interest rate unchanged at its April 27-28 meeting, citing the need for a wait-and-see approach given the uncertain trajectory of the Middle East conflict</li><li>Board members said Japan's economy is recovering moderately but growth is expected to slow in fiscal 2026 due to deteriorating terms of trade from rising crude oil prices</li><li>Underlying CPI inflation was seen approaching the 2% target between the second half of fiscal 2026 and fiscal 2027, with price risks now skewed to the upside across all scenarios considered</li><li>Several members said a rate hike could come as soon as the next meeting, with one noting the BOJ should raise rates soon absent clear signs of an economic slowdown</li><li>Board members warned that rising fuel costs risk triggering second-round inflation effects, with Japan's current financial and fiscal conditions seen as more susceptible to such effects than during the 1979 oil crisis</li><li>Japan's real policy interest rate was described as the lowest globally, with members agreeing continued adjustment of negative real rates remains necessary</li></ul> The Bank of Japan held its policy interest rate steady at its April 27-28 monetary policy meeting, but released a summary of opinions that signals growing discomfort with the inflation outlook and leaves the door open to a rate hike as early as the next gathering.Board members agreed that Japan's economy continues to recover moderately, though the Middle East conflict has introduced meaningful headwinds. Growth is expected to decelerate in fiscal 2026 as rising crude oil prices erode the country's terms of trade, pushing up import costs in the petroleum and chemical sectors significantly. That pressure has been distributed across firms, households and the government, with companies passing on cost increases to selling prices and the government providing fuel subsidies. Members noted that strong corporate profits and expectations for wage increases from the spring labour negotiations give the economy a degree of resilience, though the risk of quantitative constraints on petrochemical products emerging was flagged as a potential threat to core industries.On prices, the board's tone was notably hawkish. Underlying CPI inflation is expected to reach levels consistent with the 2% price stability target between the second half of fiscal 2026 and fiscal 2027. Several members warned that if crude oil prices remain elevated for longer than expected, the timeline for reaching 2% could be brought forward, with rising fuel costs feeding into broader distribution and production costs across the economy. The board explicitly drew comparisons with past oil crises, concluding that Japan's current conditions, including embedded momentum in wage and price pass-through behaviour, make it more vulnerable to second-round inflation effects than during the 1979 shock.Despite the hawkish inflation framing, the decision to hold was widely supported as appropriate given the unresolved nature of the Middle East situation. However, multiple members made clear that a hike remains firmly in view. One member said a rate increase from the next meeting onward was quite possible even if the conflict's trajectory remains unclear. Another said the bank should raise rates soon, barring evident signs of an economic slowdown. Several members emphasised that Japan's real policy interest rate remains the lowest of any major economy globally, and that continued adjustment of negative real rates is necessary to guard against inflation deviating materially above target.The government's representatives urged the BOJ to maintain close coordination and communicate clearly with markets as it navigates the policy path ahead.-The BOJ's explicit acknowledgement that price risks are skewed to the upside, combined with board members flagging rate hikes as soon as the next meeting, puts sustained upward pressure on Japanese government bond yields and the yen. Markets pricing a prolonged hold will need to reprice the front end of the Japanese rates curve if oil prices remain elevated and second-round inflation effects begin to materialise. The BOJ's framing of the Middle East shock as a structural rather than transitory price event reinforces the broader narrative that central banks are running out of room to look through oil-driven inflation, keeping rate cut expectations suppressed across major economies simultaneously.---Full summary text is here. <ul><li>Summary of Opinions</li></ul>---From the day:<ul><li>The Bank of Japan left its short-term policy rate unchanged at 0.75%</li></ul><ul><li>BOJ governor Ueda vows to stay on the path of raising interest rates</li></ul>---I explained earlier on the difference between the Summary and the Minutes. ICYMI:The Bank of Japan (BOJ) releases a &#34;Summary of Opinions&#34; after each monetary policy meeting. It serves as a record of the discussion and views of the Policy Board members on various economic and financial issues.Key points about the Summary:<ul><li>The summary includes the views of the Policy Board members on economic conditions, both domestically and globally. This includes assessments of economic growth, inflation, and employment trends, among other indicators.</li><li>The summary also outlines the Policy Board members' views on the effectiveness of the BOJ's current monetary policy measures, including interest rate policy, asset purchases, and yield curve control. Members may discuss the pros and cons of these policies and their potential impact on the economy.</li><li>The summary includes discussions on the outlook for monetary policy and the potential risks to the economy. Board members may express their views on the appropriate timing and direction of future policy changes, as well as the potential impact of external factors such as global economic conditions.</li><li>The summary also includes any dissenting views among the Policy Board members. If a member disagrees with the majority view on a particular issue, they may express their own opinion and rationale.</li></ul>In a few week's time we'll get the Minutes of this meeting. The Minutes are a more detailed record of the discussions and decisions made during the meeting.<ul><li>The Minutes include a more complete record of the views expressed, including any dissents or alternative opinions that may not be included in the summary.</li><li>The Summary of Opinions is typically released a few days after the policy meeting, while the Minutes are published about a month later. This means that the Summary of Opinions can provide more up-to-date information on the BOJ's current stance and view on the economy and monetary policy.</li><li>The Summary of Opinions is usually written in a more accessible language, making it easier to understand the BOJ's views on monetary policy.</li><li>The Minutes, on the other hand, are often more technical and may require a deeper understanding of economics and financial markets.</li><li>The Summary of Opinions is typically shorter than the Minutes.</li></ul></div>

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The Bank of Japan (BOJ) held its policy interest rate steady at 0.75% during its April meeting, citing rising inflation risks due to surging crude oil prices. Board members indicated that a rate hike could occur as soon as the next meeting, with expectations for underlying CPI inflation to approach the 2% target by fiscal 2026-2027. The BOJ acknowledged vulnerabilities to second-round inflation effects, urging close coordination with markets as it navigates future policy adjustments. The current economic recovery is tempered by geopolitical uncertainties, particularly in the Middle East.

- The Bank of Japan maintained its policy interest rate at 0.75% during the April 27-28 meeting, citing uncertainty due to Middle East conflicts.  
- Members expressed concerns over rising inflation risks linked to surging oil prices, predicting slower growth for fiscal year 2026 and signaling a potential rate hike at the next meeting.  
- The board emphasized that Japan's real policy rate is the lowest among major economies, urging the necessity of adjusting negative rates to manage inflationary pressures effectively.

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BOJ 'Summary" - Japan rate hike back on table as BOJ signals next move still likely upward