Cardano founder Charles Hoskinson said the Ouroboros Leios upgrade could lift the network’s internal throughput by up to 60x, putting performance on par with the XRP Ledger. According to BeInCrypto, Hoskinson discussed the plan on “The Breakdown podcast” with David Gokhshtein and said scaling would not sacrifice decentralization or security. He said the public Leios testnet, Musashi Dojo, launched on June 23, 2026, with mainnet deployment expected before the end of this year. Hoskinson also defended Midnight City, a showcase app for the privacy-focused Midnight Network, after criticism from content creator Big Pey.