What is Asian Development Bank?

Phillips Curve

The Phillips Curve is an economic theory initially proposed by William Phillips, describing a short-term inverse relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. It suggests that an economy can achieve lower unemployment rates at the cost of some price stability. However, the stagflation of the 1970s indicated that this relationship might not be stable in the long term, challenging the universal applicability of the Phillips Curve.

Law Of Diminishing Marginal Returns

The law of diminishing marginal returns is a theory in economics that predicts that after some optimal level of capacity is reached, adding an additional factor of production will actually result in smaller increases in output. For example, a factory employs workers to manufacture its products, and, at some point, the company operates at an optimal level. With all other production factors constant, adding additional workers beyond this optimal level will result in less efficient operations. The law of diminishing returns is related to the concept of diminishing marginal utility. It can also be contrasted with economies of scale.

Porter Diamond

The Porter Diamond Theory of National Advantage, or the Porter Diamond Model, is a model that describes the competitive advantage that nations or groups possess based on factors available to them. The theory explains how governments can act to improve a country's position in a globally competitive economic environment. Created by Michael Porter, founder of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness at the Harvard Business School, the Porter Diamond Model is considered a proactive economic theory.

Marginal Propensity To Consume

In economics, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is defined as the proportion of an aggregate raise in pay that a consumer spends on the consumption of goods and services, as opposed to saving it. Marginal propensity to consume is a component of Keynesian macroeconomic theory and is calculated as the change in consumption divided by the change in income.MPC is depicted by a consumption line, which is a sloped line created by plotting the change in consumption on the vertical "y" axis and the change in income on the horizontal "x" axis.

Frictional Unemployment

Frictional unemployment is a type of short-term unemployment that occurs when workers look for new employment or transition out of old jobs and into new ones. This temporary period of unemployment is the result of voluntary transitions within an economy. It stands in contrast with structural unemployment, which stems from economic shifts that make it difficult for workers to find work.Frictional unemployment can be evident in a growing, stable economy and is regarded as a part of natural unemployment, the minimum unemployment rate in an economy due to economic forces and the movement of labor.The frictional unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the workers actively looking for jobs by the total labor force. The workers actively looking for jobs are typically classified into three categories: workers who left their job, people returning to the workforce, and new entrants.

Lindahl Equilibrium

A Lindahl equilibrium is a state of equilibrium in a market for public goods. As with a competitive market equilibrium, the supply and demand for a particular public good are balanced. So are the cost and revenue required to produce the good.The equilibrium is achieved when people share their preferences for particular public goods and pay for them in amounts that are based on their preferences and match their demand.Public goods refer to products and services that are provided to all by a government and funded by citizens' taxes. Clean drinking water, city parks, interstate and intrastate infrastructures, education, and national security are examples of public goods.A Lindahl equilibrium requires the implementation of an effective Lindahl tax, first proposed by the Swedish economist Erik Lindahl.