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Junk Bond

Junk bonds are bonds that carry a higher risk of default than most bonds issued by corporations and governments. A bond is a debt or promise to pay investors interest payments along with the return of invested principal in exchange for buying the bond. Junk bonds represent bonds issued by companies that are financially struggling and have a high risk of defaulting or not paying their interest payments or repaying the principal to investors.Junk bonds are also called high-yield bonds since the higher yield is needed to help offset any risk of default.

Hardship Withdrawal

A hardship withdrawal is an emergency removal of funds from a retirement plan, sought in response to what the IRS terms "an immediate and heavy financial need." This type of special distribution may be allowed without penalty from such plans as a traditional IRA or a 401k, provided the withdrawal meets certain criteria regarding the need for the funds and their amount.However, even if penalties are waived (notably, the 10% penalty for withdrawals made before age 59½), the withdrawal will still be subject to standard income tax.

Hardship Exemption

The term hardship exemption referred to an exemption granted to individuals who weren't able to afford health insurance due to personal and/or financial circumstances. These exemptions were part of a provision in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), which was signed into law in 2010. Individuals were required to have acceptable health care coverage or else pay a fee. Individuals who weren't able to afford coverage could apply for an exemption where no penalty was assessed. The fee for uninsured individuals was eliminated in 2019 with the passing of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA).

Coase Theorem

The Coase Theorem, proposed by economist Ronald Coase, addresses the optimal allocation of resources in the presence of externalities. The theorem states that if property rights are well-defined and transaction costs are zero or negligible, resources will be allocated efficiently through market transactions regardless of the initial distribution of property rights. In other words, under these conditions, the market mechanism can resolve externality issues and achieve Pareto optimality. However, in reality, transaction costs are often significant, making the Coase Theorem more of a theoretical benchmark than a practical solution.

Inventory Financing

Inventory financing is a method by which a business obtains funding by using its inventory as collateral. Companies can pledge their stock, including raw materials, work-in-progress, or finished goods, to secure loans from financial institutions or other lenders. This type of financing helps businesses obtain necessary working capital during cash flow shortages to support daily operations, purchase new raw materials, or expand production. The advantage of inventory financing is that it leverages existing assets to obtain funds without requiring additional guarantees. However, the loan amount typically depends on the market value and liquidity of the inventory, and the interest rates may be relatively high.

Inventory Management

Inventory management refers to the process of ordering, storing, using, and selling a company's inventory. This includes the management of raw materials, components, and finished products, as well as warehousing and processing of such items. There are different types of inventory management, each with its pros and cons, depending on a company’s needs.