<div id="readability-page-1"><div><div><p>Tanay Ved, Analyst at Coinmetrics; Translation: @jinsecaijingxz</p><h2><strong>1</strong>、Summary</h2><ul><li>Scalability Improvement: Fusaka improves Ethereum's scalability by providing higher Blob capacity and a more efficient data availability system through PeerDAS (Peer-to-Peer Data Availability Sampling).</li><li>L1 Throughput Increase: Up to 60 million Gas limits and execution layer optimizations significantly improve L1 throughput.</li><li>Increased L1 Throughput</li><li>Fee and User Experience Optimization: Improved fee mechanisms and upgraded user experience lay the foundation for a more unified and cost-effective L1-L2 ecosystem. </li></ul><h2><strong>2</strong>, **Fusaka Upgrade Overview</h2><p>Ethereum plans to perform its next upgrade on December 3, 2025 at 21:49 UTC (slot 13,164,544), a hard fork known as &#34;Fusaka&#34;. Fusaka combines the execution layer upgrade &#34;Osaka&#34; and the consensus layer upgrade &#34;Fulu&#34;, following the naming conventions of previous forks.</p><p> Following the Pectra upgrade in May, Fusaka marks a significant step in Ethereum's scaling roadmap, enhancing Layer 1 performance, expanding Blob capacity, improving the cost-effectiveness of Rollups, and delivering an improved user experience. It also introduces a &#34;Blob-only&#34; fork mechanism to safely increase Blob capacity as Rollup demand grows. Earlier this year, the Ethereum Foundation outlined its &#34;protocol&#34; strategy, which revolves around three long-term goals: scaling L1, scaling Blob, and improving user experience. Fusaka is the first upgrade to fully align with this unified vision, marking a turning point in how Ethereum plans and improves scalability and accessibility in the future. This article will outline the key changes in the Fusaka upgrade and their expected impact on the Ethereum mainnet, Layer 2 Rollups, transaction costs, and user experience. 3. **Blob Expansion** Last year's Dencun upgrade introduced &#34;Blob&#34;—a cost-effective solution for Rollups to store transaction data on the Ethereum mainnet. Since then, thanks to the widespread adoption of Rollups such as Base, Arbitrum, and Lighter, Blob usage has often approached saturation (currently close to the target of 6 Blobs per block), leading to an exponential risk of Rollup fees soaring. The increasing demand for data availability has made Blob space a key bottleneck in Ethereum's scaling path, and the Fusaka upgrade aims to overcome this limitation. </p><p><img src="https://imageproxy.pbkrs.com/https://img.jinse.cn/7418218_watermarknone.png?x-oss-process=image/auto-orient,1/interlace,1/resize,w_1440,h_1440/quality,q_95/format,jpg" width="600" height="346" original-src="https://imageproxy.pbkrs.com/https://img.jinse.cn/7418218_watermarknone.png"/></p><h3>（1）PeerDAS: Peer-to-Peer Data Availability Sampling</h3><p>PeerDAS (EIP-7594) is arguably the most significant improvement in the Fusaka upgrade, directly aligning with the goal of expanding L1 and Blob capacity. This technology introduces a more efficient data availability verification mechanism for Ethereum nodes: nodes do not need to download the complete Blob data, but instead achieve verification by sampling fragmented data, reducing the load on L1 consensus nodes while ensuring the same security. </p><p>Expected Impact:</p><ul><li>Nodes only need to store about 1/8 of the data in each Blob, which can significantly increase Blob throughput without increasing hardware requirements.</li><li>Enabling Ethereum to safely increase Blob throughput—the core driver of Rollup scaling.</li><li>Lower data availability costs will reduce L2 transaction fees and improve batch commit reliability.</li><li>Laying the foundation for higher transaction throughput for the full version of Danksharding and the entire ecosystem. For example, Base stated in a blog post that the L2 scaling improvements after the Fusaka upgrade could allow it to &#34;double chain throughput within 2 months.&#34;</li><li> (2) BPO Fork With PeerDS reducing the bandwidth and storage required for nodes to verify Blob data, Ethereum can now safely increase Blob capacity. The Fusaka upgrade introduced the &#34;Blob Only&#34; (BPO) adjustment mechanism, designed to gradually increase the number of Blobs per block. This allows Ethereum to adjust Blob parameters without waiting for a full hard fork, providing the protocol with a more flexible and responsive scaling tool. Upcoming BPO Fork Plan:Expected Impact:<ul><li>Improved Data Availability Bandwidth: The Rollup capacity per block will be gradually increased from 6 Blobs to 128 Blobs, and L2 transaction fees will be reduced.</li><li>Achieved Elastic Scaling: Blob parameters can be dynamically adjusted according to demand growth.</li><li>Achieved Elastic Scaling: Blob parameters can be dynamically adjusted according to demand growth.</li></ul></li><li>Building a Gradual Evolution Path: In line with Ethereum's roadmap to reduce Rollup execution costs and achieve scalable data availability. </li></ul><h3>(<strong>3</strong>) Blob Base Fee Adjustment</h3><p>As Blob capacity expands, Ethereum's Blob fee market will play a greater role in coordinating Rollup demand. Currently, Rollups spend negligible amounts on Blobs. Because demand is relatively insensitive to price and fees cannot adjust smoothly with usage, Blob fees often remain at a minimum of 1 wei. This results in the fee mechanism being in a &#34;price inelastic&#34; range, limiting its ability to respond to changes in usage. The Fusaka upgrade sets a lower limit on Blob prices by linking Blob base fees to L1 base fees. This prevents Blob prices from plummeting to zero, ensuring the fee adjustment mechanism remains effective during Blob capacity expansion. Specific impacts include: More stable Blob pricing: Avoiding a minimum price stalemate in the fee market. **Predictable Rollup Economic Model:** Ensures Rollups pay a reasonable baseline fee for data availability, avoiding sudden fee fluctuations. **Negative Impact on User Costs:** Even with a new lower limit, L2 data costs remain below 1 cent, with negligible impact on user experience. **Sustainable Long-Term Economic Ecosystem:** Compensates nodes handling growing Blob traffic; while current Blob fees contribute little to ETH burning, their future potential is considerable as capacity expands. **4. L1 Scaling:** The Fusaka upgrade also places great emphasis on L1 scaling. Through the EIP-7935 proposal, it increases the default gas cap of the protocol to 60 million, significantly enhancing the execution capabilities of the Ethereum Layer 1 network. This improvement directly increases the number of transactions that a single block can hold, thereby achieving higher throughput, reducing network congestion, and lowering gas fees. Expected Impact: Increased Throughput: Each block can handle more computation, enhancing the overall processing capacity of L1. Support for Complex Applications: Higher gas caps provide more space for complex contract execution. Alleviate High-Load Congestion: Additional capacity buffers reduce network congestion during peak traffic periods. Maintain Low-Fee Advantage: Expanded network capacity supports the current low gas fee environment (&lt;0.4 gwei). </p><p><img src="https://imageproxy.pbkrs.com/https://img.jinse.cn/7418225_watermarknone.png?x-oss-process=image/auto-orient,1/interlace,1/resize,w_1440,h_1440/quality,q_95/format,jpg" width="600" height="354" original-src="https://imageproxy.pbkrs.com/https://img.jinse.cn/7418225_watermarknone.png"/></p><p>In addition to increasing the gas limit, Fusaka also introduces several optimization measures aimed at improving L1 execution efficiency and paving the way for future scaling. Among them, setting a gas usage limit for a single transaction prevents any transaction from monopolizing the entire block and lays the foundation for parallel execution; the update of the ModExp precompiled contract recalibrates gas costs, sets clearer boundaries for computational operations, and ensures that resource consumption remains predictable as throughput increases; the network layer also achieves simplification by removing redundant fields before merging, making Ethereum node synchronization faster and lighter.</p><p><img src="https://imageproxy.pbkrs.com/https://img.jinse.cn/7418225_watermarknone.png?x-oss-process=image/auto-orient,1/interlace,1/resize,w_1440,h_1440/quality,q_95/format,jpg" width="600" height="354" original-src="https://imageproxy.pbkrs.com/https://img.jinse.cn/7418225_watermarknone.png"/></p><p>5. Optimizing User Experience The Fusaka upgrade also includes several updates that improve usability for developers and end-users. EIP-7951 adds native support for secp256r1 elliptic curves (the signature standard used by Apple's secure enclave, Android keystores, and most consumer hardware). This will allow wallets and applications to directly integrate familiar authentication processes such as Face ID, Touch ID, and WebAuthn, lowering the barrier to entry for new users while providing stronger security for retail and institutional users. These upgrades help modernize Ethereum's development interfaces and user experience, making it easier to build secure applications that are compatible with mainstream users. 6. Conclusion The most direct impact of the Fusaka upgrade will be reduced Rollup costs, increased Blob throughput, and a significant expansion of L1 execution capabilities. In the long term, the expansion of Blob space, cost optimization, and continuous improvement in L1 performance will jointly shape the economic model of L2 settlement, influence ETH deflationary dynamics, and continuously enhance the synergy of the entire Ethereum ecosystem. While long-term value ultimately depends on the cumulative degree of demand and adoption, Fusaka lays a clearer and more scalable foundation for Ethereum's next phase of growth—on which L1 and L2 will collaborate more seamlessly, and the network will be better able to support a larger scale of users, assets, and on-chain activities.</p></div></div></div>

ETHE

<p>The Ethereum Fusaka upgrade, scheduled for December 3, 2025, aims to enhance scalability, increase L1 throughput, and improve user experience. Key changes include PeerDAS for efficient data availability, BPO Fork for flexible Blob capacity adjustments, and Blob Base Fee Adjustment for stable pricing. This upgrade aligns with Ethereum's long-term goals of scaling L1, expanding Blob capacity, and improving user experience, marking a significant step in Ethereum's scaling roadmap.</p>

In-depth analysis of the Ethereum Fusaka upgrade: core changes and ecosystem impact