FACTBOX-How silver is traded, from stocks and shares to coins and bars

(Updates milestones in paragraphs 1-3) Dec 29 (Reuters) - Silver surged past $80 an ounce for the first time on Monday, propelled by strong industrial and investment demand, persistent supply shortfalls, its recent designation as a U.S. critical mineral and a wave of momentum-driven buying. Prices were down 4.2% by 0830 GMT, retreating from a record peak of $83.62 earlier in the session as investors booked profits while easing geopolitical tensions curbed safe-haven demand. (GOL/) Spot silver has climbed more than 160% year on year, significantly outpacing gold’s gain of more than 70%. So how does silver trade? OVER THE COUNTER The biggest marketplace for physical silver (and gold) is London, where banks and brokers handle buy and sell orders from clients across the world. Trading is done bilaterally over the counter (OTC) between financial institutions, and an investor must have a relationship with one of these to access the market. The market is underpinned by bars of bullion which sit in the vaults of large banks such as JPMorgan and HSBC. As of the end of November 2025, London vaults held 27,187 tons of silver. FUTURES Silver also trades on futures exchanges. The largest are the Shanghai Futures Exchange in China and CME Group’s COMEX in New York. Futures are contracts in which the seller pledges to deliver silver to the buyer on a later date. They are typically traded through a broker. Most futures are not held until delivery but swapped for later-dated ones. This allows both buyer and seller to speculate on the silver price without the trouble of moving and storing metal. Another advantage of futures is that the holder need not pay the full amount for silver, but instead pays a fraction of its value, known as a margin. EXCHANGE-TRADED FUNDS (ETFs) ETFs trade on stock exchanges such as the NYSE and LSE alongside shares in publicly traded companies. They store silver for their investors, with each share in the fund representing an amount of silver stored in a vault. Small investors can trade shares in ETFs easily via apps such as Robinhood. If demand for the ETF is strong enough to push the price above that of the underlying metal, more silver is moved into the vault to allow new shares to be created, moving the prices back into line. The largest is the iShares Silver Trust , run by investment manager BlackRock, which contains around 529 million ounces of silver worth some $39 billion at current prices. BARS AND COINS Smaller investors can also buy silver bars and coins from retailers around the world. SILVER MINERS Investors can also buy shares in companies that mine silver. Like ETFs, these are easy to trade on platforms like Robinhood. Shares in these companies tend to rise and fall with silver prices, but many other factors such as the company’s management, debt or performance also affect their value.