<p><img src="https://imageproxy.pbkrs.com/https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1709489662983-3674d790b224/query-Zm09anBnJml4aWQ9TTN3eE1qQTNmREI4TUh4d2FHOTBieTF3WVdkbGZIeDhmR1Z1ZkRCOGZIeDhmQT09Jml4bGliPXJiLTQuMS4wJnE9NjAmdz0zMDAw?x-oss-process=image/auto-orient,1/interlace,1/resize,w_1440,h_1440/quality,q_95/format,jpg" alt="" original-src="https://imageproxy.pbkrs.com/https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1709489662983-3674d790b224/query-Zm09anBnJml4aWQ9TTN3eE1qQTNmREI4TUh4d2FHOTBieTF3WVdkbGZIeDhmR1Z1ZkRCOGZIeDhmQT09Jml4bGliPXJiLTQuMS4wJnE9NjAmdz0zMDAw"/></p>
<p>照片由 MiningWatch Portugal 提供，来源于 Unsplash</p>
<h3><strong>引言</strong></h3>
<p>最近关于稀土金属和关键金属的新闻很多，因此人们对它们之间的区别感到困惑，本文将对此进行澄清。</p>
<h3><strong>什么是关键矿物？</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>关键矿物是指对清洁能源的生成、传输和储存至关重要的矿物。由于先进技术、城市化/工业化和能源转型对这些材料的需求可能超过供应，从而造成供应短缺。</li>
<li>关键矿物是根据其战略经济重要性和潜在供应风险定义的一个类别。<strong>虽然所有稀土元素都被视为关键矿物，但并非所有关键矿物都是稀土。关键区别在于它们的经济重要性和获取它们的潜在挑战。</strong> 从地质上看，这些矿物因其提取的复杂性而有所区别。稀土元素通常需要复杂的加工来分离单个元素，而关键矿物的提取可能更为简单。稀土元素（REE）的化学性质特别复杂，其相似的原子结构使得分离成为一个复杂的科学挑战。</li>
<li>美国能源部（DOE）在 2023 年 8 月正式将铜加入其关键材料清单，这是美国政府机构首次在其官方 “关键” 清单中包含铜，之前的例子包括欧盟、日本、印度、加拿大和中国。</li>
<li>以下是 22 种关键矿物（共 32 种）的列表，概述了每种矿物的供应风险程度。</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://imageproxy.pbkrs.com/https://www.mining.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/DOE-critical-graf.png?x-oss-process=image/auto-orient,1/interlace,1/resize,w_1440,h_1440/quality,q_95/format,jpg" alt="" original-src="https://imageproxy.pbkrs.com/https://www.mining.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/DOE-critical-graf.png"/></p>
<h3><strong>纯粹关键股票列表</strong></h3>
<p>在我的文章《新纯粹关键矿物采矿股票组合》中，我提供了 9 家_纯粹_关键矿物采矿公司的名单，除了稀土金属外，包括它们的市值、开采的矿物和股票表现。</p>
<h3><strong>什么是稀土金属？</strong></h3>
<p>如维基百科所述：</p>
<ul>
<li>稀土元素（REE），也称为稀土金属或稀土，是一组 17 种几乎无法区分的光泽银白色软重金属（请参见此处列表）。15 种镧系元素（或称镧族元素）以及钪和钇通常被视为稀土（钪和钇被认为是稀土元素，因为它们通常与镧系元素在同一矿石中出现，并表现出相似的化学性质，但具有不同的电气和磁性特征）。</li>
<li>低原子序数的被称为轻稀土元素（LREE），高原子序数的被称为重稀土元素（HREE），介于两者之间的通常被称为中稀土元素（MREE）。通常，原子序数为 57 到 61（从镧到钷）的稀土元素被归类为轻稀土，而原子序数为 62 及以上的被归类为重稀土元素。世界各地已知有大型 LREE 矿体正在被开采。HREE 矿体则更为稀少、规模较小且浓度较低。目前大部分 HREE 的供应来自中国南方的 “离子吸附粘土” 矿石。</li>
<li>稀土元素或矿物与被描述为关键矿物或原材料的矿物或材料不同，后者指的是被认为对一个国家具有战略或经济重要性的材料。含有稀土的化合物在电气和电子组件、激光、玻璃、磁性材料和工业过程中有广泛应用。</li>
<li>“稀” 在 “稀土” 一词中是一个误称，因为它们实际上并不稀缺（它们在整个地壳中相对丰富，例如铈是第 25 丰富的元素，比铜更丰富），而是因为它们仅以化合物的形式存在，而不是以纯金属的形式，或者可能是因为在发现时被认为是异国情调的。</li>
<li>“土” 部分指的是一个旧术语，指的是在酸中溶解的矿物，因此对氧化稳定。它们从未以高度浓缩的形式存在，通常与彼此或与铀和钍等放射性元素混合在一起，并且只能很困难地从其他材料或彼此中分离，因此要以可用的纯度获得稀土需要以巨大的成本处理大量原矿。</li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>纯粹稀土金属股票列表</strong></h3>
<p>在我的文章《关于稀土金属的一切：生产、储量、股票》中，我确定了 2024 年开采稀土最多的 10 个国家、稀土元素储量排名前八的国家，以及按市值划分的美国、加拿大和澳大利亚证券交易所上最大的稀土股票列表，分为生产公司（生产者）、开发矿山（开发者）和探索此类矿产储备（探索者），并附上每家公司的重点、运营国家、市值和股票表现。</p>

<p>这篇文章阐明了稀土金属和关键矿物之间的区别。关键矿物对清洁能源至关重要，并面临潜在的供应短缺，而稀土元素（REEs）是一组特定的 17 种金属，具有复杂的提取过程。美国能源部最近将铜添加到其关键材料名单中。文章还提供了关键矿物和稀土金属的纯粹股票列表，突出了它们的市值和股票表现</p>

<p><img src="https://imageproxy.pbkrs.com/https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1709489662983-3674d790b224/query-Zm09anBnJml4aWQ9TTN3eE1qQTNmREI4TUh4d2FHOTBieTF3WVdkbGZIeDhmR1Z1ZkRCOGZIeDhmQT09Jml4bGliPXJiLTQuMS4wJnE9NjAmdz0zMDAw" alt="" original-src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1709489662983-3674d790b224?fm=jpg&amp;q=60&amp;w=3000&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D"/></p>
<p>Photo by MiningWatch Portugal on Unsplash</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>照片由 MiningWatch Portugal 提供，来源于 Unsplash</p>
</div><h3><strong>Introduction</strong></h3>
<div class="lb-trans"><h3><strong>引言</strong></h3>
</div><p>There has been a lot of news recently about rare earth metals and critical metals and with that, there's a lot of confusion about just what the differences are between them and this article rectifies that.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>最近关于稀土金属和关键金属的新闻很多，因此人们对它们之间的区别感到困惑，本文将对此进行澄清。</p>
</div><h3><strong>What Are Critical Minerals?</strong></h3>
<div class="lb-trans"><h3><strong>什么是关键矿物？</strong></h3>
</div><ul>
<li>Critical minerals are minerals that are essential to the generation, transmission, and storage of clean energy. Demand for these materials from advanced technologies, urbanization/industrialization, and the energy transition may be set to outpace supply, creating a supply deficit.</li>
<li>Critical minerals are a category defined by their strategic economic importance and potential supply risks. <strong>While all rare earth elements are considered critical minerals, not all critical minerals are rare earths. The key difference lies in their economic significance and the potential challenges in obtaining them.</strong> Geologically, these minerals are distinguished by their complexity in extraction. Rare earth elements often require intricate processing to separate individual elements, while critical minerals might be more straightforward to extract. The chemistry behind rare earth elements (REEs) is particularly complex, with their similar atomic structures making separation a sophisticated scientific challenge.</li>
<li>The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) officially added copper to its critical materials list in August 2023, marking the first time a U.S. government agency has included copper on one of its official “critical” lists, following the examples of the European Union, Japan, India, Canada, and China.</li>
<li>Below is a list of 22 critical minerals (out of a total of 32) outlining the degree of supply risk of each.</li>
</ul>
<div class="lb-trans"><ul>
<li>关键矿物是指对清洁能源的生成、传输和储存至关重要的矿物。由于先进技术、城市化/工业化和能源转型对这些材料的需求可能超过供应，从而造成供应短缺。</li>
<li>关键矿物是根据其战略经济重要性和潜在供应风险定义的一个类别。<strong>虽然所有稀土元素都被视为关键矿物，但并非所有关键矿物都是稀土。关键区别在于它们的经济重要性和获取它们的潜在挑战。</strong> 从地质上看，这些矿物因其提取的复杂性而有所区别。稀土元素通常需要复杂的加工来分离单个元素，而关键矿物的提取可能更为简单。稀土元素（REE）的化学性质特别复杂，其相似的原子结构使得分离成为一个复杂的科学挑战。</li>
<li>美国能源部（DOE）在 2023 年 8 月正式将铜加入其关键材料清单，这是美国政府机构首次在其官方 “关键” 清单中包含铜，之前的例子包括欧盟、日本、印度、加拿大和中国。</li>
<li>以下是 22 种关键矿物（共 32 种）的列表，概述了每种矿物的供应风险程度。</li>
</ul>
</div><p><img src="https://imageproxy.pbkrs.com/https://www.mining.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/DOE-critical-graf.png" alt="" original-src="https://www.mining.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/DOE-critical-graf.png"/></p>
<h3><strong>A List Of Pure-play Critical Stocks</strong></h3>
<div class="lb-trans"><h3><strong>纯粹关键股票列表</strong></h3>
</div><p>In my article New Pure-Play Critical Minerals Mining Stocks Portfolio I provide a list of 9 <em>pure-play</em> miners of critical minerals, other than rare earth metals, with their market caps, minerals mined, and their stock performances.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>在我的文章《新纯粹关键矿物采矿股票组合》中，我提供了 9 家_纯粹_关键矿物采矿公司的名单，除了稀土金属外，包括它们的市值、开采的矿物和股票表现。</p>
</div><h3><strong>What Are Rare Earth Metals?</strong></h3>
<div class="lb-trans"><h3><strong>什么是稀土金属？</strong></h3>
</div><p>As described in Wikipedia:</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>如维基百科所述：</p>
</div><ul>
<li>Rare-earth elements (REE), also called rare-earth metals, or rare earths, are a set of 17 nearly indistinguishable lustrous silvery-white soft heavy metals (see list here). The 15 lanthanides (or lanthanoids), along with scandium and yttrium, are usually included as rare earths (scandium and yttrium are considered rare-earth elements because they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides and exhibit similar chemical properties, but have different electrical and magnetic properties).</li>
<li>Those with low atomic numbers are referred to as light rare-earth elements (LREE), those with high atomic numbers are the heavy rare-earth elements (HREE), and those that fall in between are typically referred to as the middle rare-earth elements (MREE). Commonly, rare-earth elements with atomic numbers 57 to 61 (lanthanum to promethium) are classified as light and those with atomic numbers 62 and greater are classified as heavy rare-earth elements. Large ore bodies of LREE are known around the world and are being exploited. Ore bodies for HREE are more rare, smaller, and less concentrated. Most of the current supply of HREE originates in the &#34;ion-absorption clay&#34; ores of Southern China.</li>
<li>Rare-earth elements or minerals are distinct from minerals or materials described as critical minerals or raw materials, which refers to materials that are considered to be of strategic or economic importance to a country. Compounds containing rare-earths have diverse applications in electrical and electronic components, lasers, glass, magnetic materials, and industrial processes.</li>
<li>The term &#34;rare&#34; in &#34;rare-earth&#34; is a misnomer because they are not actually scarce (they are relatively plentiful in the entire earth's crust - cerium, for example, is the 25th-most-abundant element which is more abundant than copper), but rather because they are only found in compounds, not as pure metals, or perhaps because they were considered exotic at the time of their discovery.</li>
<li>The &#34;earth&#34; part refers to an old term for minerals that dissolve in acids and thus are stable to oxidation. They are never found in highly concentrated form, usually being mixed together with one another, or with radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium, and can only be separated from other materials or one another with difficulty so to obtain rare earths at usable purity requires processing enormous amounts of raw ore at great expense.</li>
</ul>
<div class="lb-trans"><ul>
<li>稀土元素（REE），也称为稀土金属或稀土，是一组 17 种几乎无法区分的光泽银白色软重金属（请参见此处列表）。15 种镧系元素（或称镧族元素）以及钪和钇通常被视为稀土（钪和钇被认为是稀土元素，因为它们通常与镧系元素在同一矿石中出现，并表现出相似的化学性质，但具有不同的电气和磁性特征）。</li>
<li>低原子序数的被称为轻稀土元素（LREE），高原子序数的被称为重稀土元素（HREE），介于两者之间的通常被称为中稀土元素（MREE）。通常，原子序数为 57 到 61（从镧到钷）的稀土元素被归类为轻稀土，而原子序数为 62 及以上的被归类为重稀土元素。世界各地已知有大型 LREE 矿体正在被开采。HREE 矿体则更为稀少、规模较小且浓度较低。目前大部分 HREE 的供应来自中国南方的 “离子吸附粘土” 矿石。</li>
<li>稀土元素或矿物与被描述为关键矿物或原材料的矿物或材料不同，后者指的是被认为对一个国家具有战略或经济重要性的材料。含有稀土的化合物在电气和电子组件、激光、玻璃、磁性材料和工业过程中有广泛应用。</li>
<li>“稀” 在 “稀土” 一词中是一个误称，因为它们实际上并不稀缺（它们在整个地壳中相对丰富，例如铈是第 25 丰富的元素，比铜更丰富），而是因为它们仅以化合物的形式存在，而不是以纯金属的形式，或者可能是因为在发现时被认为是异国情调的。</li>
<li>“土” 部分指的是一个旧术语，指的是在酸中溶解的矿物，因此对氧化稳定。它们从未以高度浓缩的形式存在，通常与彼此或与铀和钍等放射性元素混合在一起，并且只能很困难地从其他材料或彼此中分离，因此要以可用的纯度获得稀土需要以巨大的成本处理大量原矿。</li>
</ul>
</div><h3><strong>A List Of Pure-play Rare Earth Metals Stocks</strong></h3>
<div class="lb-trans"><h3><strong>纯粹稀土金属股票列表</strong></h3>
</div><p>In my article entitled All About Rare Earth Metals: Production, Reserves, Stocks, I identify the 10 countries that mined the most rare earths in 2024, the top eight countries in terms of rare earth element reserves, and a list of the biggest rare earths stocks by market cap on U.S., Canadian and Australian stock exchanges divided into those companies in production (producers), developing mines (developers) and exploring for such mineral deposits (explorers), along with each company's focus, country of operation, market capitalization and stock performance.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>在我的文章《关于稀土金属的一切：生产、储量、股票》中，我确定了 2024 年开采稀土最多的 10 个国家、稀土元素储量排名前八的国家，以及按市值划分的美国、加拿大和澳大利亚证券交易所上最大的稀土股票列表，分为生产公司（生产者）、开发矿山（开发者）和探索此类矿产储备（探索者），并附上每家公司的重点、运营国家、市值和股票表现。</p>
</div>

稀土金属与关键矿物股票的区别