<p>特朗普在八月试图解雇美联储的库克</p>
<p>总统在社交媒体上发布了解雇信</p>
<p>库克表示宪法的正当程序权利受到侵犯</p>
<p>作者：安德鲁·钟</p>
<p>华盛顿，1 月 20 日（路透社）——在唐纳德·特朗普总统试图解雇美联储理事丽莎·库克的斗争中，该案将于周三提交美国最高法院，法官们可能会关注总统利用社交媒体实施这一前所未有的行动。法官们将听取特朗普请求撤销下级法院法官禁止他在库克的法律挑战继续进行期间解雇她的决定的辩论。法官们在十月同意审理此案，这一决定暂时让库克继续担任她的职务。</p>
<p>特朗普在社交媒体上的频繁使用是众所周知的。这位共和党总统长期以来不仅利用社交媒体表达观点，还用来宣布重大决策和官方政府政策。</p>
<p>同样，在去年 8 月 25 日晚上 8 点刚过，特朗普在他的 Truth Social 账户上发布了一封致库克的信，通知她 “你被立即解雇” 作为美联储理事。自 1913 年中央银行成立以来，没有任何总统解雇过美联储理事。</p>
<p>库克及其律师认为，这一行动违反了她根据美国宪法第五修正案享有的权利，该修正案规定，任何人不得 “在没有正当法律程序的情况下被剥夺生命、自由或财产”。</p>
<p>该案件可能危及世界上最重要的中央银行的独立性，显著考验特朗普是否在联邦法律下有充分的 “理由” 解雇库克。但这也是一场关于特朗普试图解雇库克的方式是否公平的斗争。下级法院同意库克的观点，认为特朗普的行动可能不合法。</p>
<p>抵押贷款欺诈指控 总统基于特朗普任命的联邦住房金融局局长比尔·普尔特的指控，认为库克犯有抵押贷款欺诈。库克于 2022 年被民主党前总统乔·拜登任命为首位担任该职位的黑人女性，她否认了这些指控。库克的律师认为，这些指控是解雇她的借口，基于她的货币政策立场。特朗普一再要求降低利率，并频繁抨击美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔未能更快地采取行动。特朗普政府本月对鲍威尔展开了一项刑事调查，原因是他去年在国会关于美联储建筑项目的言论，这一举动被中央银行主席称为旨在获得更多对利率影响的借口。</p>
<p>在创建美联储时，国会通过了一项名为《联邦储备法》的法律，其中包括保护中央银行免受政治干预的条款，规定理事只能因 “正当理由” 被总统解雇——尽管该法律并未定义这一术语或建立解雇程序。</p>
<p>库克的案件提出了关于总统权力范围、特朗普影响中央银行的决定的有效性以及司法机构质疑总统权威的权力的棘手问题。</p>
<p>但该案件也为法院提供了一个机会，该法院拥有 6-3 的保守派多数，自去年特朗普重返总统职位以来在许多决定中支持特朗普，可以在程序性基础上裁定此案，从而将一些有争议的实质性问题留待日后解决。</p>
<p>库克的律师表示，特朗普在社交媒体上发布的解雇信没有提前通知或给予她回应指控的机会，未能满足宪法的正当程序要求。</p>
<p>“法院支持库克的一种方式是说，她所获得的程序——通常在此类案件中被称为通知和听证机会——是不足的，” 纽约福特汉姆法学院教授简·曼纳斯表示，她研究过有关官员解雇的法律历史。</p>
<p>尽管尚不清楚需要什么样的听证会，曼纳斯表示，该领域的法律先例表明，解雇需要遵循 “司法类型的听证会，包括证据和证词的呈现，包括来自官员的证词”。</p>
<p>‘一种财产权’</p>
<p>特朗普的司法部敦促最高法院驳回库克的论点，认为政府官员的职位并不是宪法正当程序条款保护的财产形式。</p>
<p>“官员行使重要的政府权力，没有个人对这种权力拥有财产权，” 政府在其书面文件中表示。</p>
<p>即使正当程序条款确实保护库克这样的职位，政府表示，特朗普在 8 月 20 日提到普尔特将抵押贷款指控转交给司法部进行刑事调查时，给了她所需的通知，写道：“库克必须立即辞职！”</p>
<p>政府补充说，特朗普在五天后才发布解雇她的信，因此也给了她回应的机会。</p>
<p>“库克有机会解释为什么没有不当行为发生，但她拒绝了，” 文件中指出。</p>
<p>库克在总统宣布将解雇她后于八月起诉特朗普。</p>
<p>美国地区法官贾·科布在九月暂时阻止特朗普执行他的指令，裁定他可能违反了库克的正当程序权利，并且抵押贷款指控可能不足以根据《联邦储备法》解雇她，因为这些指控与她被参议院确认之前的行为有关。</p>
<p>这位华盛顿的法官表示：“库克是否应该被要求从零散的社交媒体帖子和新闻文章中拼凑出 ‘正当理由’ 解雇的证据基础是值得怀疑的。”</p>
<p>美国哥伦比亚特区巡回上诉法院拒绝了特朗普要求暂停科布命令的请求，这促使政府寻求最高法院的干预。</p>
<p>美国最高法院将听取特朗普要求解雇美联储库克的辩论；目前库克仍在职。美国最高法院表示美联储是独特的，缓解了人们对特朗普解雇鲍威尔能力的担忧。库克案件可能为美联储提供 “正当理由” 保护，或为解雇提供路线图。最高法院在与美联储的丽莎·库克的斗争中测试特朗普对经济的权力限制。说明 - 唐纳德·特朗普与美联储的对抗 - 你需要知道的事情。独家 - 特朗普表示尽管正在调查，但他没有计划解雇美联储的鲍威尔。</p>

<p>美国最高法院将审理关于特朗普总统试图通过社交媒体解雇联邦储备委员会委员丽莎·库克的案件。库克声称她的宪法权利受到侵犯，因为在被解雇之前没有给予她应有的程序正义。此案引发了关于总统权力和联邦储备独立性的问题，低级法院在程序性问题上支持库克。特朗普政府则辩称，政府官员的职位并不是宪法下的财产权。此案的结果可能对中央银行的自主性产生重大影响</p>

<p>Trump sought to fire Fed’s Cook in August</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>特朗普在八月试图解雇美联储的库克</p>
</div><p>President posted termination letter on social media</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>总统在社交媒体上发布了解雇信</p>
</div><p>Cook says constitutional due process rights violated</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>库克表示宪法的正当程序权利受到侵犯</p>
</div><p>By Andrew Chung</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>作者：安德鲁·钟</p>
</div><p>WASHINGTON, Jan 20 (Reuters) - In the battle over President Donald Trump’s effort to fire Federal Reserve Governor Lisa Cook that is set to go before the U.S. Supreme Court on Wednesday, the justices may focus on the president’s use of social media to carry out this unprecedented action. The justices are due to hear arguments over Trump’s request to lift a lower court judge’s decision barring him from firing Cook while her legal challenge to the removal continues. The justices in October agreed to hear the dispute, a decision that left Cook in her role for the time being.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>华盛顿，1 月 20 日（路透社）——在唐纳德·特朗普总统试图解雇美联储理事丽莎·库克的斗争中，该案将于周三提交美国最高法院，法官们可能会关注总统利用社交媒体实施这一前所未有的行动。法官们将听取特朗普请求撤销下级法院法官禁止他在库克的法律挑战继续进行期间解雇她的决定的辩论。法官们在十月同意审理此案，这一决定暂时让库克继续担任她的职务。</p>
</div><p>Trump’s prolific use of social media is well-established. The Republican president long has used social media not only to voice opinions but also to announce major decisions and official government policies.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>特朗普在社交媒体上的频繁使用是众所周知的。这位共和党总统长期以来不仅利用社交媒体表达观点，还用来宣布重大决策和官方政府政策。</p>
</div><p>Here too, just after 8 p.m. last August 25, Trump posted to his Truth Social account a letter addressed to Cook informing her that “you are hereby removed” from the role of Fed governor. No president since the central bank’s founding in 1913 has ousted a Fed governor.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>同样，在去年 8 月 25 日晚上 8 点刚过，特朗普在他的 Truth Social 账户上发布了一封致库克的信，通知她 “你被立即解雇” 作为美联储理事。自 1913 年中央银行成立以来，没有任何总统解雇过美联储理事。</p>
</div><p>That action, Cook and her lawyers argue, violated her rights under the U.S. Constitution’s Fifth Amendment, which provides that no person may be “deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law.”</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>库克及其律师认为，这一行动违反了她根据美国宪法第五修正案享有的权利，该修正案规定，任何人不得 “在没有正当法律程序的情况下被剥夺生命、自由或财产”。</p>
</div><p>The case, which could imperil the independence of the world’s most important central bank, prominently tests whether Trump had adequate “cause” under federal law to remove Cook. But it also is a fight over whether the way Trump sought to oust Cook was fair. Lower courts agreed with Cook that Trump’s action likely was not.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>该案件可能危及世界上最重要的中央银行的独立性，显著考验特朗普是否在联邦法律下有充分的 “理由” 解雇库克。但这也是一场关于特朗普试图解雇库克的方式是否公平的斗争。下级法院同意库克的观点，认为特朗普的行动可能不合法。</p>
</div><p>MORTGAGE FRAUD ALLEGATIONS The president has based his bid to fire Cook on allegations by Federal Housing Finance Agency Director Bill Pulte, a Trump appointee, that she committed mortgage fraud. Cook, who was appointed in 2022 by Democratic former President Joe Biden as the first Black woman to serve in the post, has denied the allegations. Cook’s lawyers contend that the allegations are a pretext to fire her based on her monetary policy stance. Trump has repeatedly demanded lower interest rates, also frequently lashing out at Fed Chair Jerome Powell for not doing so more quickly. The Trump administration this month opened a criminal investigation into Powell over remarks he made to Congress last year about a Fed building project, a move the central bank chair similarly called a pretext aimed at gaining more influence over interest rates.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>抵押贷款欺诈指控 总统基于特朗普任命的联邦住房金融局局长比尔·普尔特的指控，认为库克犯有抵押贷款欺诈。库克于 2022 年被民主党前总统乔·拜登任命为首位担任该职位的黑人女性，她否认了这些指控。库克的律师认为，这些指控是解雇她的借口，基于她的货币政策立场。特朗普一再要求降低利率，并频繁抨击美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔未能更快地采取行动。特朗普政府本月对鲍威尔展开了一项刑事调查，原因是他去年在国会关于美联储建筑项目的言论，这一举动被中央银行主席称为旨在获得更多对利率影响的借口。</p>
</div><p>In creating the Fed, Congress passed a law called the Federal Reserve Act that included provisions to shield the central bank from political interference, setting out that governors could be removed by a president only “for cause” - though the law does not define the term or establish procedures for removal.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>在创建美联储时，国会通过了一项名为《联邦储备法》的法律，其中包括保护中央银行免受政治干预的条款，规定理事只能因 “正当理由” 被总统解雇——尽管该法律并未定义这一术语或建立解雇程序。</p>
</div><p>Cook’s case raises thorny questions concerning the scope of presidential power, the validity of Trump’s decisions that impact the central bank, and the authority of the judiciary to second-guess the president.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>库克的案件提出了关于总统权力范围、特朗普影响中央银行的决定的有效性以及司法机构质疑总统权威的权力的棘手问题。</p>
</div><p>But the case also offers the court, which has a 6-3 conservative majority and has backed Trump in numerous decisions since he returned to the presidency last year, a way of deciding the case on procedural grounds that could leave some of those contentious, substantive questions to another day.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>但该案件也为法院提供了一个机会，该法院拥有 6-3 的保守派多数，自去年特朗普重返总统职位以来在许多决定中支持特朗普，可以在程序性基础上裁定此案，从而将一些有争议的实质性问题留待日后解决。</p>
</div><p>Cook’s lawyers have said that Trump’s letter on social media purporting to fire her without either notice in advance or an opportunity to respond to the allegations did not satisfy the constitutional requirements of due process.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>库克的律师表示，特朗普在社交媒体上发布的解雇信没有提前通知或给予她回应指控的机会，未能满足宪法的正当程序要求。</p>
</div><p>“One way for the court to side with Cook would be to say that the process she received - generally characterized in such cases as notice and an opportunity to be heard - was insufficient,” said Jane Manners, a professor at Fordham Law School in New York who has studied the history of laws governing officer removal.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>“法院支持库克的一种方式是说，她所获得的程序——通常在此类案件中被称为通知和听证机会——是不足的，” 纽约福特汉姆法学院教授简·曼纳斯表示，她研究过有关官员解雇的法律历史。</p>
</div><p>Although it is not entirely clear what kind of hearing would be required, Manners said legal precedents in this area show that removals need to follow a “judicial-type hearing involving the presentation of evidence and testimony, including from the officeholder.”</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>尽管尚不清楚需要什么样的听证会，曼纳斯表示，该领域的法律先例表明，解雇需要遵循 “司法类型的听证会，包括证据和证词的呈现，包括来自官员的证词”。</p>
</div><p>‘A PROPERTY RIGHT’</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>‘一种财产权’</p>
</div><p>Trump’s Justice Department urged the Supreme Court to reject Cook’s argument, contending that a government officer’s position is not a form of property protected by the Constitution’s due process provision.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>特朗普的司法部敦促最高法院驳回库克的论点，认为政府官员的职位并不是宪法正当程序条款保护的财产形式。</p>
</div><p>“Officers exercise significant government power, and no individual has a property right to such power,” the administration said in its written filing.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>“官员行使重要的政府权力，没有个人对这种权力拥有财产权，” 政府在其书面文件中表示。</p>
</div><p>Even if the due process provision does protect someone in Cook’s position, the administration said Trump gave her the required notice when on August 20 he referenced on social media Pulte’s referral of the mortgage allegations to the Justice Department for criminal investigation, writing, “Cook must resign, now!!!”</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>即使正当程序条款确实保护库克这样的职位，政府表示，特朗普在 8 月 20 日提到普尔特将抵押贷款指控转交给司法部进行刑事调查时，给了她所需的通知，写道：“库克必须立即辞职！”</p>
</div><p>Trump also gave her an opportunity to respond given that he did not post his letter firing her until five days later, the administration added.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>政府补充说，特朗普在五天后才发布解雇她的信，因此也给了她回应的机会。</p>
</div><p>“Cook had an opportunity to explain why no misconduct occurred, and she spurned it,” the filing stated.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>“库克有机会解释为什么没有不当行为发生，但她拒绝了，” 文件中指出。</p>
</div><p>Cook sued Trump in August after the president announced he would remove her.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>库克在总统宣布将解雇她后于八月起诉特朗普。</p>
</div><p>U.S. District Judge Jia Cobb in September temporarily blocked Trump from carrying out his directive, ruling that he likely violated Cook’s due process rights and that the mortgage allegations likely were not a legally sufficient cause to remove her under the Federal Reserve Act as they relate to conduct that occurred before she was confirmed to the post by the Senate.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>美国地区法官贾·科布在九月暂时阻止特朗普执行他的指令，裁定他可能违反了库克的正当程序权利，并且抵押贷款指控可能不足以根据《联邦储备法》解雇她，因为这些指控与她被参议院确认之前的行为有关。</p>
</div><p>The Washington-based judge called it “doubtful that Cook should have been required to piece together the evidentiary basis for a ‘for cause’ removal from a scattered assortment of social media posts and news articles.”</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>这位华盛顿的法官表示：“库克是否应该被要求从零散的社交媒体帖子和新闻文章中拼凑出 ‘正当理由’ 解雇的证据基础是值得怀疑的。”</p>
</div><p>The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit refused Trump’s bid to put Cobb’s order on hold, prompting the administration to seek the Supreme Court’s intervention.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>美国哥伦比亚特区巡回上诉法院拒绝了特朗普要求暂停科布命令的请求，这促使政府寻求最高法院的干预。</p>
</div><p>US Supreme Court to hear arguments in Trump bid to fire Fed’s Cook; leaves her in job for now US Supreme Court says Fed is unique, easing worries over Trump’s ability to fire Powell Cook case could lead to ‘cause’ protections for Fed, or a roadmap for dismissals Supreme Court tests limits of Trump’s power over the economy in fight over Fed’s Lisa Cook EXPLAINER-Donald Trump versus the Federal Reserve - what you need to know EXCLUSIVE-Trump says he has no plan to fire Fed’s Powell despite investigation</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>美国最高法院将听取特朗普要求解雇美联储库克的辩论；目前库克仍在职。美国最高法院表示美联储是独特的，缓解了人们对特朗普解雇鲍威尔能力的担忧。库克案件可能为美联储提供 “正当理由” 保护，或为解雇提供路线图。最高法院在与美联储的丽莎·库克的斗争中测试特朗普对经济的权力限制。说明 - 唐纳德·特朗普与美联储的对抗 - 你需要知道的事情。独家 - 特朗普表示尽管正在调查，但他没有计划解雇美联储的鲍威尔。</p>
</div>

Supreme Court weighs Trump's firing of the Fed's Lisa Cook by social media

- 特朗普试图解雇美联储理事库克，已提交最高法院审理。  
- 库克声称该决定违反宪法正当程序。  
- 此案可能影响美联储独立性，因特朗普的行为存争议。

Reuters

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金融指数 MSCI ETF - Fidelity

标普 500 低波动率 ETF - PowerShares

股票溢价收益 ETF - JPMorgan Chase

纳斯达克网络安全 ETF - First Trust

超大盘股成长 ETF - Vanguard

道琼斯指数

最高法院正在权衡特朗普通过社交媒体解雇美联储官员 Lisa Cook 的事件