<p>特朗普在八月試圖解僱美聯儲的庫克</p>
<p>總統在社交媒體上發佈瞭解僱信</p>
<p>庫克表示憲法的正當程序權利受到侵犯</p>
<p>作者：安德魯·鍾</p>
<p>華盛頓，1 月 20 日（路透社）——在唐納德·特朗普總統試圖解僱美聯儲理事麗莎·庫克的鬥爭中，該案將於週三提交美國最高法院，法官們可能會關注總統利用社交媒體實施這一前所未有的行動。法官們將聽取特朗普請求撤銷下級法院法官禁止他在庫克的法律挑戰繼續進行期間解僱她的決定的辯論。法官們在十月同意審理此案，這一決定暫時讓庫克繼續擔任她的職務。</p>
<p>特朗普在社交媒體上的頻繁使用是眾所周知的。這位共和黨總統長期以來不僅利用社交媒體表達觀點，還用來宣佈重大決策和官方政府政策。</p>
<p>同樣，在去年 8 月 25 日晚上 8 點剛過，特朗普在他的 Truth Social 賬户上發佈了一封致庫克的信，通知她 “你被立即解僱” 作為美聯儲理事。自 1913 年中央銀行成立以來，沒有任何總統解僱過美聯儲理事。</p>
<p>庫克及其律師認為，這一行動違反了她根據美國憲法第五修正案享有的權利，該修正案規定，任何人不得 “在沒有正當法律程序的情況下被剝奪生命、自由或財產”。</p>
<p>該案件可能危及世界上最重要的中央銀行的獨立性，顯著考驗特朗普是否在聯邦法律下有充分的 “理由” 解僱庫克。但這也是一場關於特朗普試圖解僱庫克的方式是否公平的鬥爭。下級法院同意庫克的觀點，認為特朗普的行動可能不合法。</p>
<p>抵押貸款欺詐指控 總統基於特朗普任命的聯邦住房金融局局長比爾·普爾特的指控，認為庫克犯有抵押貸款欺詐。庫克於 2022 年被民主黨前總統喬·拜登任命為首位擔任該職位的黑人女性，她否認了這些指控。庫克的律師認為，這些指控是解僱她的藉口，基於她的貨幣政策立場。特朗普一再要求降低利率，並頻繁抨擊美聯儲主席傑羅姆·鮑威爾未能更快地採取行動。特朗普政府本月對鮑威爾展開了一項刑事調查，原因是他去年在國會關於美聯儲建築項目的言論，這一舉動被中央銀行主席稱為旨在獲得更多對利率影響的藉口。</p>
<p>在創建美聯儲時，國會通過了一項名為《聯邦儲備法》的法律，其中包括保護中央銀行免受政治干預的條款，規定理事只能因 “正當理由” 被總統解僱——儘管該法律並未定義這一術語或建立解僱程序。</p>
<p>庫克的案件提出了關於總統權力範圍、特朗普影響中央銀行的決定的有效性以及司法機構質疑總統權威的權力的棘手問題。</p>
<p>但該案件也為法院提供了一個機會，該法院擁有 6-3 的保守派多數，自去年特朗普重返總統職位以來在許多決定中支持特朗普，可以在程序性基礎上裁定此案，從而將一些有爭議的實質性問題留待日後解決。</p>
<p>庫克的律師表示，特朗普在社交媒體上發佈的解僱信沒有提前通知或給予她回應指控的機會，未能滿足憲法的正當程序要求。</p>
<p>“法院支持庫克的一種方式是説，她所獲得的程序——通常在此類案件中被稱為通知和聽證機會——是不足的，” 紐約福特漢姆法學院教授簡·曼納斯表示，她研究過有關官員解僱的法律歷史。</p>
<p>儘管尚不清楚需要什麼樣的聽證會，曼納斯表示，該領域的法律先例表明，解僱需要遵循 “司法類型的聽證會，包括證據和證詞的呈現，包括來自官員的證詞”。</p>
<p>‘一種財產權’</p>
<p>特朗普的司法部敦促最高法院駁回庫克的論點，認為政府官員的職位並不是憲法正當程序條款保護的財產形式。</p>
<p>“官員行使重要的政府權力，沒有個人對這種權力擁有財產權，” 政府在其書面文件中表示。</p>
<p>即使正當程序條款確實保護庫克這樣的職位，政府表示，特朗普在 8 月 20 日提到普爾特將抵押貸款指控轉交給司法部進行刑事調查時，給了她所需的通知，寫道：“庫克必須立即辭職！”</p>
<p>政府補充説，特朗普在五天後才發佈解僱她的信，因此也給了她回應的機會。</p>
<p>“庫克有機會解釋為什麼沒有不當行為發生，但她拒絕了，” 文件中指出。</p>
<p>庫克在總統宣佈將解僱她後於八月起訴特朗普。</p>
<p>美國地區法官賈·科布在九月暫時阻止特朗普執行他的指令，裁定他可能違反了庫克的正當程序權利，並且抵押貸款指控可能不足以根據《聯邦儲備法》解僱她，因為這些指控與她被參議院確認之前的行為有關。</p>
<p>這位華盛頓的法官表示：“庫克是否應該被要求從零散的社交媒體帖子和新聞文章中拼湊出 ‘正當理由’ 解僱的證據基礎是值得懷疑的。”</p>
<p>美國哥倫比亞特區巡迴上訴法院拒絕了特朗普要求暫停科布命令的請求，這促使政府尋求最高法院的干預。</p>
<p>美國最高法院將聽取特朗普要求解僱美聯儲庫克的辯論；目前庫克仍在職。美國最高法院表示美聯儲是獨特的，緩解了人們對特朗普解僱鮑威爾能力的擔憂。庫克案件可能為美聯儲提供 “正當理由” 保護，或為解僱提供路線圖。最高法院在與美聯儲的麗莎·庫克的鬥爭中測試特朗普對經濟的權力限制。説明 - 唐納德·特朗普與美聯儲的對抗 - 你需要知道的事情。獨家 - 特朗普表示儘管正在調查，但他沒有計劃解僱美聯儲的鮑威爾。</p>

<p>美國最高法院將審理關於特朗普總統試圖通過社交媒體解僱聯邦儲備委員會委員麗莎·庫克的案件。庫克聲稱她的憲法權利受到侵犯，因為在被解僱之前沒有給予她應有的程序正義。此案引發了關於總統權力和聯邦儲備獨立性的問題，低級法院在程序性問題上支持庫克。特朗普政府則辯稱，政府官員的職位並不是憲法下的財產權。此案的結果可能對中央銀行的自主性產生重大影響</p>

<p>Trump sought to fire Fed’s Cook in August</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>特朗普在八月試圖解僱美聯儲的庫克</p>
</div><p>President posted termination letter on social media</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>總統在社交媒體上發佈瞭解僱信</p>
</div><p>Cook says constitutional due process rights violated</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>庫克表示憲法的正當程序權利受到侵犯</p>
</div><p>By Andrew Chung</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>作者：安德魯·鍾</p>
</div><p>WASHINGTON, Jan 20 (Reuters) - In the battle over President Donald Trump’s effort to fire Federal Reserve Governor Lisa Cook that is set to go before the U.S. Supreme Court on Wednesday, the justices may focus on the president’s use of social media to carry out this unprecedented action. The justices are due to hear arguments over Trump’s request to lift a lower court judge’s decision barring him from firing Cook while her legal challenge to the removal continues. The justices in October agreed to hear the dispute, a decision that left Cook in her role for the time being.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>華盛頓，1 月 20 日（路透社）——在唐納德·特朗普總統試圖解僱美聯儲理事麗莎·庫克的鬥爭中，該案將於週三提交美國最高法院，法官們可能會關注總統利用社交媒體實施這一前所未有的行動。法官們將聽取特朗普請求撤銷下級法院法官禁止他在庫克的法律挑戰繼續進行期間解僱她的決定的辯論。法官們在十月同意審理此案，這一決定暫時讓庫克繼續擔任她的職務。</p>
</div><p>Trump’s prolific use of social media is well-established. The Republican president long has used social media not only to voice opinions but also to announce major decisions and official government policies.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>特朗普在社交媒體上的頻繁使用是眾所周知的。這位共和黨總統長期以來不僅利用社交媒體表達觀點，還用來宣佈重大決策和官方政府政策。</p>
</div><p>Here too, just after 8 p.m. last August 25, Trump posted to his Truth Social account a letter addressed to Cook informing her that “you are hereby removed” from the role of Fed governor. No president since the central bank’s founding in 1913 has ousted a Fed governor.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>同樣，在去年 8 月 25 日晚上 8 點剛過，特朗普在他的 Truth Social 賬户上發佈了一封致庫克的信，通知她 “你被立即解僱” 作為美聯儲理事。自 1913 年中央銀行成立以來，沒有任何總統解僱過美聯儲理事。</p>
</div><p>That action, Cook and her lawyers argue, violated her rights under the U.S. Constitution’s Fifth Amendment, which provides that no person may be “deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law.”</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>庫克及其律師認為，這一行動違反了她根據美國憲法第五修正案享有的權利，該修正案規定，任何人不得 “在沒有正當法律程序的情況下被剝奪生命、自由或財產”。</p>
</div><p>The case, which could imperil the independence of the world’s most important central bank, prominently tests whether Trump had adequate “cause” under federal law to remove Cook. But it also is a fight over whether the way Trump sought to oust Cook was fair. Lower courts agreed with Cook that Trump’s action likely was not.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>該案件可能危及世界上最重要的中央銀行的獨立性，顯著考驗特朗普是否在聯邦法律下有充分的 “理由” 解僱庫克。但這也是一場關於特朗普試圖解僱庫克的方式是否公平的鬥爭。下級法院同意庫克的觀點，認為特朗普的行動可能不合法。</p>
</div><p>MORTGAGE FRAUD ALLEGATIONS The president has based his bid to fire Cook on allegations by Federal Housing Finance Agency Director Bill Pulte, a Trump appointee, that she committed mortgage fraud. Cook, who was appointed in 2022 by Democratic former President Joe Biden as the first Black woman to serve in the post, has denied the allegations. Cook’s lawyers contend that the allegations are a pretext to fire her based on her monetary policy stance. Trump has repeatedly demanded lower interest rates, also frequently lashing out at Fed Chair Jerome Powell for not doing so more quickly. The Trump administration this month opened a criminal investigation into Powell over remarks he made to Congress last year about a Fed building project, a move the central bank chair similarly called a pretext aimed at gaining more influence over interest rates.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>抵押貸款欺詐指控 總統基於特朗普任命的聯邦住房金融局局長比爾·普爾特的指控，認為庫克犯有抵押貸款欺詐。庫克於 2022 年被民主黨前總統喬·拜登任命為首位擔任該職位的黑人女性，她否認了這些指控。庫克的律師認為，這些指控是解僱她的藉口，基於她的貨幣政策立場。特朗普一再要求降低利率，並頻繁抨擊美聯儲主席傑羅姆·鮑威爾未能更快地採取行動。特朗普政府本月對鮑威爾展開了一項刑事調查，原因是他去年在國會關於美聯儲建築項目的言論，這一舉動被中央銀行主席稱為旨在獲得更多對利率影響的藉口。</p>
</div><p>In creating the Fed, Congress passed a law called the Federal Reserve Act that included provisions to shield the central bank from political interference, setting out that governors could be removed by a president only “for cause” - though the law does not define the term or establish procedures for removal.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>在創建美聯儲時，國會通過了一項名為《聯邦儲備法》的法律，其中包括保護中央銀行免受政治干預的條款，規定理事只能因 “正當理由” 被總統解僱——儘管該法律並未定義這一術語或建立解僱程序。</p>
</div><p>Cook’s case raises thorny questions concerning the scope of presidential power, the validity of Trump’s decisions that impact the central bank, and the authority of the judiciary to second-guess the president.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>庫克的案件提出了關於總統權力範圍、特朗普影響中央銀行的決定的有效性以及司法機構質疑總統權威的權力的棘手問題。</p>
</div><p>But the case also offers the court, which has a 6-3 conservative majority and has backed Trump in numerous decisions since he returned to the presidency last year, a way of deciding the case on procedural grounds that could leave some of those contentious, substantive questions to another day.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>但該案件也為法院提供了一個機會，該法院擁有 6-3 的保守派多數，自去年特朗普重返總統職位以來在許多決定中支持特朗普，可以在程序性基礎上裁定此案，從而將一些有爭議的實質性問題留待日後解決。</p>
</div><p>Cook’s lawyers have said that Trump’s letter on social media purporting to fire her without either notice in advance or an opportunity to respond to the allegations did not satisfy the constitutional requirements of due process.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>庫克的律師表示，特朗普在社交媒體上發佈的解僱信沒有提前通知或給予她回應指控的機會，未能滿足憲法的正當程序要求。</p>
</div><p>“One way for the court to side with Cook would be to say that the process she received - generally characterized in such cases as notice and an opportunity to be heard - was insufficient,” said Jane Manners, a professor at Fordham Law School in New York who has studied the history of laws governing officer removal.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>“法院支持庫克的一種方式是説，她所獲得的程序——通常在此類案件中被稱為通知和聽證機會——是不足的，” 紐約福特漢姆法學院教授簡·曼納斯表示，她研究過有關官員解僱的法律歷史。</p>
</div><p>Although it is not entirely clear what kind of hearing would be required, Manners said legal precedents in this area show that removals need to follow a “judicial-type hearing involving the presentation of evidence and testimony, including from the officeholder.”</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>儘管尚不清楚需要什麼樣的聽證會，曼納斯表示，該領域的法律先例表明，解僱需要遵循 “司法類型的聽證會，包括證據和證詞的呈現，包括來自官員的證詞”。</p>
</div><p>‘A PROPERTY RIGHT’</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>‘一種財產權’</p>
</div><p>Trump’s Justice Department urged the Supreme Court to reject Cook’s argument, contending that a government officer’s position is not a form of property protected by the Constitution’s due process provision.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>特朗普的司法部敦促最高法院駁回庫克的論點，認為政府官員的職位並不是憲法正當程序條款保護的財產形式。</p>
</div><p>“Officers exercise significant government power, and no individual has a property right to such power,” the administration said in its written filing.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>“官員行使重要的政府權力，沒有個人對這種權力擁有財產權，” 政府在其書面文件中表示。</p>
</div><p>Even if the due process provision does protect someone in Cook’s position, the administration said Trump gave her the required notice when on August 20 he referenced on social media Pulte’s referral of the mortgage allegations to the Justice Department for criminal investigation, writing, “Cook must resign, now!!!”</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>即使正當程序條款確實保護庫克這樣的職位，政府表示，特朗普在 8 月 20 日提到普爾特將抵押貸款指控轉交給司法部進行刑事調查時，給了她所需的通知，寫道：“庫克必須立即辭職！”</p>
</div><p>Trump also gave her an opportunity to respond given that he did not post his letter firing her until five days later, the administration added.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>政府補充説，特朗普在五天後才發佈解僱她的信，因此也給了她回應的機會。</p>
</div><p>“Cook had an opportunity to explain why no misconduct occurred, and she spurned it,” the filing stated.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>“庫克有機會解釋為什麼沒有不當行為發生，但她拒絕了，” 文件中指出。</p>
</div><p>Cook sued Trump in August after the president announced he would remove her.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>庫克在總統宣佈將解僱她後於八月起訴特朗普。</p>
</div><p>U.S. District Judge Jia Cobb in September temporarily blocked Trump from carrying out his directive, ruling that he likely violated Cook’s due process rights and that the mortgage allegations likely were not a legally sufficient cause to remove her under the Federal Reserve Act as they relate to conduct that occurred before she was confirmed to the post by the Senate.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>美國地區法官賈·科布在九月暫時阻止特朗普執行他的指令，裁定他可能違反了庫克的正當程序權利，並且抵押貸款指控可能不足以根據《聯邦儲備法》解僱她，因為這些指控與她被參議院確認之前的行為有關。</p>
</div><p>The Washington-based judge called it “doubtful that Cook should have been required to piece together the evidentiary basis for a ‘for cause’ removal from a scattered assortment of social media posts and news articles.”</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>這位華盛頓的法官表示：“庫克是否應該被要求從零散的社交媒體帖子和新聞文章中拼湊出 ‘正當理由’ 解僱的證據基礎是值得懷疑的。”</p>
</div><p>The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit refused Trump’s bid to put Cobb’s order on hold, prompting the administration to seek the Supreme Court’s intervention.</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>美國哥倫比亞特區巡迴上訴法院拒絕了特朗普要求暫停科布命令的請求，這促使政府尋求最高法院的干預。</p>
</div><p>US Supreme Court to hear arguments in Trump bid to fire Fed’s Cook; leaves her in job for now US Supreme Court says Fed is unique, easing worries over Trump’s ability to fire Powell Cook case could lead to ‘cause’ protections for Fed, or a roadmap for dismissals Supreme Court tests limits of Trump’s power over the economy in fight over Fed’s Lisa Cook EXPLAINER-Donald Trump versus the Federal Reserve - what you need to know EXCLUSIVE-Trump says he has no plan to fire Fed’s Powell despite investigation</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>美國最高法院將聽取特朗普要求解僱美聯儲庫克的辯論；目前庫克仍在職。美國最高法院表示美聯儲是獨特的，緩解了人們對特朗普解僱鮑威爾能力的擔憂。庫克案件可能為美聯儲提供 “正當理由” 保護，或為解僱提供路線圖。最高法院在與美聯儲的麗莎·庫克的鬥爭中測試特朗普對經濟的權力限制。説明 - 唐納德·特朗普與美聯儲的對抗 - 你需要知道的事情。獨家 - 特朗普表示儘管正在調查，但他沒有計劃解僱美聯儲的鮑威爾。</p>
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Supreme Court weighs Trump's firing of the Fed's Lisa Cook by social media

- 特朗普試圖解僱美聯儲理事庫克，已提交最高法院審理。  
- 庫克聲稱該決定違反憲法正當程序。  
- 此案可能影響美聯儲獨立性，因特朗普的行為存爭議。

Reuters

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最高法院正在權衡特朗普通過社交媒體解僱美聯儲官員 Lisa Cook 的事件