<div id="readability-page-1"><div><ul><li>Key insight: The Federal Housing Finance Authority should use its influence to build longer-term climate risk assessments into loans.</li><li>What's at stake: Escalating flood and wildfire risks are already pushing up insurance costs and, in some areas, putting downward pressure on home values.</li><li>Forward look: At a minimum, the GSEs should incorporate forward-looking insurance costs more explicitly into underwriting. </li></ul>A recent op-ed in American Banker by a former colleague at the Federal Housing Finance Agency (Banks need to get serious about climate risk in their mortgage books, April 1), argues that banks should &#34;get serious&#34; about climate risk in their mortgage portfolios. That concern is well founded: Escalating flood and wildfire risks are already pushing up insurance costs and, in some areas, putting downward pressure on home values. But focusing on banks misses the point. The institutions that actually set mortgage risk standards — the government-sponsored enterprises, or GSEs, and federal loan programs — are the ones that must act.Since the aftermath of the great financial crisis, most mortgage lending in the United States operates on an originate-to-distribute model. Banks and nonbank lenders largely follow the underwriting and pricing standards set by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, the Federal Housing Administration and the Department of Veterans Affairs. The FHFA, as conservator of the GSEs that guarantee over $7 trillion in mortgages and as the best-resourced government entity, sits at the center of this system. Climate risk is not being incorporated today because the system's standard setters have not yet acted.The core issue is a mismatch in time horizons. Government-backed mortgages are typically guaranteed or insured for 30 years. Property insurers, by contrast, write one-year contracts that are often repriced or withdrawn at renewal. As insurers respond to rising climate risk, premiums can increase sharply or coverage can disappear altogether. When that happens, borrowers face sudden increases in their total housing costs, and the effective payment-to-income ratio deteriorates rapidly. Ultimately, those risks flow through to the GSEs and taxpayers.Addressing this mismatch should be a central priority for the FHFA and the federal housing system. One approach is to better align property insurance and mortgage horizons. Moving immediately to 30-year insurance contracts is unlikely, but the system could begin by encouraging longer-term or guaranteed-renewability insurance products, for example, five-year policies or contracts with capped annual increases. These products will be more expensive upfront, but they would provide a more accurate signal of long-term affordability than today's one-year &#34;teaser&#34; premiums. Actual dollar costs will be more tangible to borrowers and underwriters than any disclosure form.At a minimum, the GSEs should incorporate forward-looking insurance costs more explicitly into underwriting. Mortgage qualification already depends on payment-to-income ratios that include insurance. Ensuring that these ratios reflect realistic future insurance costs, not just current premiums, would improve risk assessment without requiring lenders to build their own climate models.The GSEs are also well positioned to coordinate with insurers on resilience and mitigation. Homeowners lack clear information about how specific investments, for example, elevating a home, translate into insurance savings. A standardized framework, supported by the GSEs, could make these trade-offs transparent and allow pricing to reflect measurable risk reduction.Expecting individual lenders to solve these problems is unrealistic. First, lenders that attempt to incorporate granular geographic risk into pricing face significant fair lending constraints, particularly for loans that are sold into the secondary market. When lenders do not retain long-term credit risk, it is difficult to justify differential pricing as a business necessity. Second, most lenders lack the scale and data to develop credible climate risk models. Third, no individual lender has sufficient market power to influence insurance contract structures.The U.S. mortgage market already relies on centralized standards set by federal actors. Climate risk will be addressed through those standards — either proactively or after an expensive taxpayer bailout. If policymakers are concerned about rising taxpayer exposure and the long-term stability of housing finance, the place to start is not with individual lenders, but with the institutions that define the rules of the system. </div></div>

房利美

房地美

組合抵押貸款支持債券 ETF - SPDR

聯邦住房金融局（FHFA）應利用其影響力，將長期氣候風險評估納入抵押貸款中。日益嚴重的氣候風險正在提高保險成本並影響房屋價值。設定抵押貸款風險標準的政府支持企業（GSEs）必須採取行動，解決 30 年抵押貸款擔保與短期保險合同之間的不匹配。將前瞻性的保險成本納入承保流程，並推動長期保險產品的使用，可以增強風險評估和住房金融的穩定性。應將重點放在 GSEs 上，而不是個別貸款機構，以有效管理抵押貸款市場中的氣候風險

BankThink Banks won't get serious about climate risk until GSEs make them

American Banker

按揭地產信託收入 ETF - VanEck Vectors

Janus Henderson Asset-Backed Secs ETF

房地產投資信託股 ETF - iShares

抵押貸款證券 ETF - Janus Henderson

JPMorgan Mortgage-Backed Securities ETF

美國按揭抵押債 ETF - Vanguard

抵押貸款支持證券 ETF - iShares

PIMCO Mortgage-Backed Securities Act ETF

DoubleLine Asset-Backed Securities ETF

Schwab® Mortgage-Backed Securities ETF

John Hancock Mortgage-Backed Securities ETF

銀行不會認真對待氣候風險，除非政府支持企業（GSEs）迫使它們採取行動