<p>多年来，东京居民早晨醒来时常听到乌鸦撕扯垃圾袋的声音，城市的后街上满是昨晚晚餐的残骸。如今，这些场景大多消失了，这要归功于一项持续 25 年的减少乌鸦数量的运动。\n12 月进行的一项调查显示，东京的乌鸦数量已降至 2000 年代初峰值的不到 20%。\n 城市官员和鸟类专家表示，这一成功源于市民的自律、细致的垃圾管理以及居民愿意改变日常习惯的态度。\n 在 1990 年代，数量激增的乌鸦将东京的巷子变成了觅食场所。\n 它们被夜间留在餐馆外的塑料垃圾袋吸引，学会了撕开垃圾袋，在早晨收集之前大快朵颐。居民们很快对这种混乱和威胁感到厌倦。\n 这些大型、聪明的鸟类在繁殖季节变得越来越具攻击性，向路人俯冲并袭击小鸟的巢穴。\n 乌鸦栖息的公园被鸟粪覆盖，而它们对亮色电线和闪亮部件的偏好导致了停电和光纤电缆损坏。\n\n 到 2001 年，研究人员在东京的三个主要栖息地：明治神宫、丰岛冈公墓和国立自然科学博物馆，记录到创纪录的 18,658 只乌鸦。向市政府的投诉数量达到了数千件。\n 如今，这一情况发生了戏剧性的变化。到 2024 年，仅有 293 起投诉，数量不到本世纪初的十分之一。\n 自然主义者、东京信息大学前文化人类学教授凯文·肖特表示，乌鸦数量的下降在他居住的邻近千叶县也有所体现。\n 官员们采取了多种措施来对付乌鸦，从捕捉和移除巢穴到使用毒饵。但肖特表示，最终证明最有效的措施是更简单的办法。\n“这只是更好地控制垃圾的问题，现在东京的餐馆和其他企业在一天结束时不再将垃圾袋扔在街上，” 他在《亚洲周刊》中说道。\n 城市建立了配有重金属盖的公共垃圾站，而微妙的社会压力确保了公众的遵守，肖特说。\n“如果城市里没有食物，那么乌鸦就会回到它们最初栖息的山区或沿海地区。”\n 其他城市也采取了措施来遏制乌鸦的威胁。2010 年 12 月，大阪郊区的箕面市通过了一项地方条例，禁止居民将食物留给乌鸦，任何被抓到喂食害鸟或拒绝官员进入其花园以确保遵守法律的人将面临最高 100,000 日元（约合 633 美元）的罚款。\n\n 一位日本科学家进一步改变了乌鸦的数量，花费 20 年时间记录和解读乌鸦的叫声，并开发出一种设备，可以发出警告声来吓跑这些生物。\n 筑原直树博士是宇都宫大学的生物科学教授，被广泛认为是日本乌鸦领域的权威。他的公司 CrowLab 开发了一种可以放置在垃圾旁边的设备，利用传感器检测乌鸦的接近。该设备随后播放乌鸦用来警告彼此附近有危险（如猫、鹰甚至人类）的叫声录音。\n 筑原估计，他在能够分离出作为警告的叫声之前，记录了 10,000 个乌鸦的叫声。\n 该设备于 2023 年在东京北部的宇都宫市进行了测试，并迅速证明有效。根据 CrowLab 的说法，农民、高尔夫球场经营者、太阳能电厂公司和仓库经营者现在正在租用该设备。\n 福冈县一座神社的管理方也证实，其周围的森林不再是乌鸦的巢穴。\n 肖特表示，乌鸦数量的减少也对大城市中其他鸟类物种产生了积极影响。\n“这对生物多样性是有益的，因为星鸦（尸鸦）拥有强大的喙，专门用来撕扯死动物的肉，但它们对东京的麻雀种群造成了巨大损害，” 他说。\n“它们会袭击巢穴，我自己见过它们整只吞下幼雀。”</p>

废品管理

<p>东京通过一项为期 25 年的活动成功将乌鸦数量减少了超过 80%，该活动专注于改善垃圾管理和社区合作。关于乌鸦的投诉显著减少，从数千件降至 2024 年的仅 293 件。措施包括建立安全的垃圾站和使用技术来驱赶乌鸦。由塚原直树博士开发的一种设备能够发出警告声以吓跑乌鸦，在各种环境中都证明了其有效性。乌鸦数量的减少也对城市中其他鸟类物种产生了积极影响，增强了城市的生物多样性</p>

<p>For years, Tokyo residents woke to the sound of crows ripping open rubbish bags, the city’s backstreets strewn with the remains of last night’s dinners. Today those scenes have mostly disappeared, thanks to a 25-year campaign to curb the crow population.\nA survey conducted in December showed the number of crows in Japan’s capital had fallen to less than 20 per cent of its early-2000s peak.\nCity officials and bird experts say the success stems from a mix of civic discipline, careful waste management and a willingness among residents to change their everyday habits.\nIn the 1990s, soaring numbers of the winged scavengers turned Tokyo’s alleys into feeding grounds.\nDrawn to plastic garbage sacks left outside restaurants overnight, the crows learned to rip them open and feast before morning collection. Residents quickly tired of the mess and the menace.\nThe large, intelligent birds also became increasingly aggressive during breeding season, swooping at passers-by and raiding the nests of smaller species.\nParks where the crows roosted were coated in droppings, while the birds’ taste for bright wires and shiny parts led to power outages and damaged fibre-optic cables.\n\nBy 2001, researchers counted a record 18,658 crows at Tokyo’s three main roosting sites: Meiji Jingu shrine, Toshimagaoka Cemetery and the National Museum of Nature and Science. Complaints to the metropolitan government reached into the thousands.\nThat picture has now changed dramatically. In 2024, just 293 complaints were filed, fewer than one-tenth the number at the start of the century.\nKevin Short, a naturalist and former professor of cultural anthropology at Tokyo University of Information Sciences, said the drop in numbers was even noticeable in neighbouring Chiba prefecture, where he lives.\nOfficials employed a variety of measures to counter the crows, from trapping and nest removal to poisoned bait. But Short said it was a simpler measure that ultimately proved most effective.\n“It is simply a matter of better control of garbage and restaurants and other businesses across Tokyo now no longer dump bags on the street at the end of the day,” he told This Week in Asia.\nThe city built communal rubbish stations secured with heavy metal lids, while subtle social pressure ensured public compliance, Short said.\n“And if there is no food for them in the cities, then the crows have gone back to the mountains or the coastal areas that they originally inhabited.”\nOther cities have also taken steps to rein in the crow menace. In December 2010, the city of Minoh, on the outskirts of Osaka, passed a local ordinance that prohibited residents from leaving food out for crows, with a fine of up to 100,000 yen (US$633) for anyone caught feeding the pests or refusing officials access to their gardens to make sure they are following the law.\n\nA Japanese scientist has further turned the tables on the crow population, devoting 20 years of research to recording and deciphering crows’ calls and developing a device that projects warning cries to scare the creatures away.\nDr Naoki Tsukahara is a professor of biosciences at Utsunomiya University who is widely regarded as Japan’s foremost authority on crows. His company, CrowLab, has created a device that can be placed alongside rubbish and uses a sensor to detect when a crow is approaching. The device then plays a recording of a cry that the birds use to warn each other that danger – a cat, hawk or even a human – is nearby.\nTsukahara estimated that he recorded 10,000 crow calls before he was able to isolate those that served as warnings.\nThe equipment was tested in 2023 in Utsunomiya, a city north of Tokyo, and has quickly proved to be effective. Farmers, golf course operators, solar plant firms and warehouse operators are now leasing the equipment, according to CrowLab.\nThe management of a shrine in Fukuoka prefecture has also testified that its surrounding forest was no longer a nesting place for crows.\nShort said the absence of large numbers of crows was also proving to be beneficial to other bird species in big cities.\n“It is good for biodiversity as the hoshi boso crow [carrion crow] has a powerful bill that is designed to tear the meat off dead animals in its normal mountain environment, but they caused huge damage to the sparrow population of Tokyo,” he said.\n“They would raid nests and I myself have seen them swallow a fledgling sparrow whole.”\n</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>多年来，东京居民早晨醒来时常听到乌鸦撕扯垃圾袋的声音，城市的后街上满是昨晚晚餐的残骸。如今，这些场景大多消失了，这要归功于一项持续 25 年的减少乌鸦数量的运动。\n12 月进行的一项调查显示，东京的乌鸦数量已降至 2000 年代初峰值的不到 20%。\n 城市官员和鸟类专家表示，这一成功源于市民的自律、细致的垃圾管理以及居民愿意改变日常习惯的态度。\n 在 1990 年代，数量激增的乌鸦将东京的巷子变成了觅食场所。\n 它们被夜间留在餐馆外的塑料垃圾袋吸引，学会了撕开垃圾袋，在早晨收集之前大快朵颐。居民们很快对这种混乱和威胁感到厌倦。\n 这些大型、聪明的鸟类在繁殖季节变得越来越具攻击性，向路人俯冲并袭击小鸟的巢穴。\n 乌鸦栖息的公园被鸟粪覆盖，而它们对亮色电线和闪亮部件的偏好导致了停电和光纤电缆损坏。\n\n 到 2001 年，研究人员在东京的三个主要栖息地：明治神宫、丰岛冈公墓和国立自然科学博物馆，记录到创纪录的 18,658 只乌鸦。向市政府的投诉数量达到了数千件。\n 如今，这一情况发生了戏剧性的变化。到 2024 年，仅有 293 起投诉，数量不到本世纪初的十分之一。\n 自然主义者、东京信息大学前文化人类学教授凯文·肖特表示，乌鸦数量的下降在他居住的邻近千叶县也有所体现。\n 官员们采取了多种措施来对付乌鸦，从捕捉和移除巢穴到使用毒饵。但肖特表示，最终证明最有效的措施是更简单的办法。\n“这只是更好地控制垃圾的问题，现在东京的餐馆和其他企业在一天结束时不再将垃圾袋扔在街上，” 他在《亚洲周刊》中说道。\n 城市建立了配有重金属盖的公共垃圾站，而微妙的社会压力确保了公众的遵守，肖特说。\n“如果城市里没有食物，那么乌鸦就会回到它们最初栖息的山区或沿海地区。”\n 其他城市也采取了措施来遏制乌鸦的威胁。2010 年 12 月，大阪郊区的箕面市通过了一项地方条例，禁止居民将食物留给乌鸦，任何被抓到喂食害鸟或拒绝官员进入其花园以确保遵守法律的人将面临最高 100,000 日元（约合 633 美元）的罚款。\n\n 一位日本科学家进一步改变了乌鸦的数量，花费 20 年时间记录和解读乌鸦的叫声，并开发出一种设备，可以发出警告声来吓跑这些生物。\n 筑原直树博士是宇都宫大学的生物科学教授，被广泛认为是日本乌鸦领域的权威。他的公司 CrowLab 开发了一种可以放置在垃圾旁边的设备，利用传感器检测乌鸦的接近。该设备随后播放乌鸦用来警告彼此附近有危险（如猫、鹰甚至人类）的叫声录音。\n 筑原估计，他在能够分离出作为警告的叫声之前，记录了 10,000 个乌鸦的叫声。\n 该设备于 2023 年在东京北部的宇都宫市进行了测试，并迅速证明有效。根据 CrowLab 的说法，农民、高尔夫球场经营者、太阳能电厂公司和仓库经营者现在正在租用该设备。\n 福冈县一座神社的管理方也证实，其周围的森林不再是乌鸦的巢穴。\n 肖特表示，乌鸦数量的减少也对大城市中其他鸟类物种产生了积极影响。\n“这对生物多样性是有益的，因为星鸦（尸鸦）拥有强大的喙，专门用来撕扯死动物的肉，但它们对东京的麻雀种群造成了巨大损害，” 他说。\n“它们会袭击巢穴，我自己见过它们整只吞下幼雀。”</p>
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日本首都如何通过一个 ‘简单’ 的解决方案来遏制乌鸦的混乱