<p>作者：Manuela Andreoni，聖保羅，5 月 9 日（路透社）——當邢豔玲在微信上發佈她四月訪問巴西亞馬遜的消息時，她向中國的朋友們描述了被 “成千上萬種綠色包圍” 的難忘感受。邢豔玲並不是普通遊客。她領導着天津肉類行業協會，代表着負責約 40% 中國從巴西進口牛肉的進口商。在她的領導下，天津的成員承諾在年底前購買 50,000 公噸無森林砍伐認證的巴西牛肉，這可能是中國作為全球商品貿易中最強大力量之一，願意為更環保的供應鏈支付更多費用的早期跡象。這個數字佔預計今年巴西牛肉出口商向中國銷售的 4.5%。這一承諾挑戰了巴西農民長期以來的假設：即世界上最大的牛肉和大豆進口國中國只關心價格。與此同時，中國政府發出信號，表示希望在保護國內產業的同時，採取行動應對貿易對環境的影響。2019 年，中國修改了森林法，禁止非法木材貿易。2023 年，中國與巴西簽署了共同承諾，結束因貿易驅動的非法砍伐。從去年開始，中國國有貿易公司中糧集團承諾消除其供應鏈中的森林砍伐。與森林砍伐相關的牛肉供應鏈正適合採取具體行動，因為它對中國飲食的必要性不如大豆等其他商品，Trase 平台的全球參與負責人安德烈·瓦斯孔塞洛斯表示。“與此同時，公眾意識到，尤其是巴西牛肉是中國進口的所有農產品中與森林砍伐關聯最密切的商品，這一點得到了可用信息的支持，” 他説。根據巴西非營利組織 MapBiomas 的監測，亞馬遜雨林是世界上最大、最具生物多樣性的雨林，每年損失數十萬英畝的樹木，而 90% 的土地在被清理後立即轉變為牛的牧場。邢豔玲表示，一些中國消費者對此有所瞭解，並隨着財富的增長變得更加挑剔。“這不僅僅是 ‘便宜就是好’，” 她説。“這意味着無森林砍伐、綠色、安全和可追溯的牛肉在未來將有更強的市場。” 對於大多數面臨全球高物價的中國消費者來説，根據環境標準而非價格選擇食品產品並不現實。但該項目為消費者提供的可追溯性也緩解了食品安全的擔憂。牛肉將以 “牛肉追蹤” 標籤進行營銷，該標籤由巴西非營利組織 Imaflora 設計，包含四個合規級別，基於牛肉在供應鏈中的追溯程度以及牧場主是否能證明其農場是合法清理的。天津的進口商願意為那些證明其供應農場與合法和非法森林砍伐以及奴工無任何關聯的肉類加工商支付 10% 的溢價。如果這一轉變獲得動力，影響可能會顯著。根據政府數據和牛肉出口協會 ABIEC 的統計，中國購買了超過 10% 的巴西牛肉，其成員包括 JBS（Z98.F）和 MBRF（MBRF3.SA）。但任何影響都可能因巴西脆弱的可追溯性系統而受到削弱，該系統基於牛隻運輸文件，檢察官表示這些文件容易被不法分子偽造，以掩蓋其供應鏈中的不當行為，這種做法通常被稱為 “牛隻洗錢”。改善該系統可能需要數年時間。機會還是障礙？當邢豔玲和她的代表團抵達位於亞馬遜雨林北部的卡里奧卡農場時，牧場主阿爾泰爾·布爾拉馬基並沒有期待更多的收穫。他向他們展示了他的牛和他土地上廣闊的雨林保護區。午餐結束時，代表團興奮不已，詢問他是否夢想將他的牛肉作為保護亞馬遜雨林的產品在中國銷售。這個想法既令人興奮又讓人感到壓力。“我從與他們的對話中瞭解到，他們希望有一種對願意為之付費的人羣更有附加值的產品，” 他説。“但那部分人羣可能比整個巴西人口還要多。” 在更廣泛的行業中，天津的可持續發展項目受到的反響較為冷淡。牛肉出口集團 ABIEC 對邢豔玲的努力表示不滿，最近與其領導層交談的兩人告訴路透社。他們的擔憂是，持續牛肉的需求可能會給已經受限的市場增加障礙。今年，中國對牛肉進口實施了配額，以保護其國內產業，預計到下個月底，巴西將達到 110 萬噸的配額上限，而天津計劃在此時進口其首批獲得可持續認證的牛肉。ABIEC 在一份聲明中表示，它 “支持專注於認證的倡議，但認為任何新標籤應與已建立的系統保持一致，避免重疊和缺乏公共基礎設施實施的要求，這可能會對生產造成潛在障礙。” 它沒有回答路透社提出的問題。配額可能會減緩天津的計劃，因為達到配額後的任何牛肉進口需支付 55% 的中國税。北京在全球牛肉生產預計下降的一年引入了配額，因為牧場主在美國和巴西重建牛羣，導致包括中國在內的許多國家價格上漲。附加值中國消費者習慣於購買可追溯的產品。在訪問期間，邢豔玲的團隊向巴西官員和商界人士展示了他們如何在雞蛋上添加二維碼，以便消費者可以追溯到其來源農場。可追溯性使監管機構更容易追蹤疾病爆發的來源，也使公司能夠放棄涉及環境犯罪的供應商。邢豔玲表示，人們願意為這些雞蛋支付兩倍的價格。“牛肉追蹤” 認證將在年底前準備好供肉類加工商、超市和進口商採用。其最低標準與巴西聯邦檢察官辦公室用於監測直接向牛肉行業供應的農場是否遵守環境和勞動法的標準相當。該項目批准的供應商每年生產 270 萬噸牛肉，僅佔巴西生產的五分之一，但幾乎是中國去年進口量的兩倍。今年天津進口的牛肉將是這一產出的部分。然而，目前沒有巴西肉類加工商宣佈計劃採用該認證。Imaflora 認為其設計的認證將創造機會，而不是成為生產者的障礙，正如木材和咖啡行業所發生的那樣。“行業仍在努力理解這一認證如何在地緣政治緊張的情況下識別和重視巴西產品，” Imaflora 政策經理瑪麗娜·吉約特表示。但她補充道，該認證旨在認可公司為履行自身可持續性和可追溯性承諾所做的努力。“這是一項創造價值的認證，” 她説。（報道和撰寫：Manuela Andreoni，編輯：Emily Schmall 和 Rod Nickel）</p>

MBRFY

JBSAY

全球農業 ETF - Market Vectors

BRAZ

<p>中國不斷變化的消費習慣可能會保護亞馬遜雨林，因為天津肉類行業協會承諾在年底前購買 50,000 公噸無砍伐的巴西牛肉。這佔巴西預計對中國牛肉出口的 4.5%。這一轉變表明，中國消費者越來越願意優先考慮環境資質而非價格。然而，仍然存在挑戰，包括巴西的可追溯性系統容易受到欺詐的影響。該倡議在業內反響不一，大家對可持續牛肉的需求表示擔憂</p>

<p>By Manuela Andreoni SAO PAULO, May 9 (Reuters) - When Xing Yanling posted on WeChat about her visit to the Brazilian Amazon in April, she described to her friends in China the unforgettable sensation of being “enveloped by tens of thousands of shades of green.” Xing is no ordinary tourist. She leads the Tianjin Meat Industry Association, representing importers responsible for around 40% of China’s beef purchases from Brazil. Under her leadership, Tianjin’s members have committed to buying 50,000 metric tons of deforestation‑free certified Brazilian beef by the end of the year, in what may be an early sign that China, one of the most powerful forces in global commodity trade, is willing to pay more for greener supply chains. The figure amounts to 4.5% of what Brazilian beef exporters are expected to sell to China this year. The pledge challenges a long-held assumption among Brazilian farmers: that China, the world’s largest importer of beef and soy, cares only about price. It comes as China’s government is sending signals that it wants to act on the environmental impact of trade while protecting its domestic industry. In 2019, it changed its forest law to ban the trade of illegal timber. In 2023, it signed a joint commitment with Brazil to end illegal deforestation driven by trade. Starting last year, China’s state‑owned trader COFCO has committed to eliminating deforestation from its supply chain. BEEF TIED TO DEFORESTATION The beef supply chain is ripe for concrete action because it is not as essential to the Chinese diet as other commodities, such as soy, said Andre Vasconcelos, the head of global engagement for Trase, a platform that tracks the environmental impact of several supply chains. &#34;At the same time, there is awareness, supported by available information, that beef, especially Brazilian beef, is the commodity most associated with deforestation among all agricultural commodities imported by China,&#34; he said. The Amazon rainforest, the largest and most biodiverse in the world, loses hundreds of thousands of acres of trees every year, and 90% of that land is turned into pasture for cattle immediately after it is cleared, according to MapBiomas, a Brazilian nonprofit that monitors land use. Some Chinese consumers are aware of that and are growing more discerning as they become wealthier, Xing said. “It’s not just ‘cheap is good,’” she said. “This means deforestation‑free, green, safe and traceable beef will have a stronger market in the future.” Choosing food products according to environmental credentials rather than price is impractical for most Chinese consumers, facing higher grocery prices like much of the world. But the traceability the project offers consumers also appeases food safety concerns. The beef will be marketed with a Beef on Track label designed by Brazilian nonprofit Imaflora, which includes four levels of compliance based on how far down the supply chain the beef is traced and whether ranchers can prove their farms were legally cleared. Tianjin importers are willing to pay 10% more for beef from meatpackers that prove the farms that supply them are free of any links to both legal and illegal deforestation, as well as slave labor. If the shift gathers momentum, the impact could be significant. China buys over 10% of Brazil’s beef, according to government data and beef export association ABIEC, whose members include JBS (Z98.F) and MBRF (MBRF3.SA). But any impact could be undermined by Brazil’s fragile traceability system, which is based on cattle transportation documents that prosecutors say can be easily defrauded by bad actors who hide wrongdoing in their supply chain, a practice commonly known as &#34;cattle laundering.&#34; Improvements to that system could take years. OPPORTUNITY OR OBSTACLE? When Xing and her delegation arrived at the Carioca farm in Castanhal, in the north of the Amazon rainforest, rancher Altair Burlamaqui was not expecting more than a fruitful conversation. He showed them his cattle and part of the vast rainforest reserve on his land. By the end of lunch, the delegation was so excited that they asked him if he had a dream of having his beef sold in China as a product that helps protect the Amazon rainforest. The thought was both thrilling and overwhelming. “What I gathered from the conversation with them is that they want a product with more added value for a section of their population who is willing to pay for it,” he said. “But that section of their population may be bigger than the entire Brazilian population.” In the wider industry, Tianjin’s sustainability project has received a more muted reception. ABIEC, the beef export group, is displeased with Xing’s effort, two people who spoke to its leadership recently told Reuters. Their concern, one of the people said, is that a demand for sustainable beef may add an obstacle to an already constrained market. This year, China imposed quotas for beef imports to protect its domestic industry, and Brazil is expected to hit its limit of 1.1 million tons by the end of next month, when Tianjin plans to import its first container of beef certified as sustainable. In a statement, ABIEC said it &#34;supports initiatives focused on certification but considers that any new labels should align with already established systems, avoiding overlaps and requirements that lack public infrastructure for implementation, which could create potential barriers to production.&#34; It did not answer questions sent by Reuters. The quota may slow Tianjin’s plans because any beef imports after it is reached pay a 55% Chinese tax. Beijing introduced its quotas in a year when global beef production is set to decline as ranchers rebuild herds in the United States and Brazil, inflating prices in many countries, including China. VALUE ADDED Chinese consumers are used to buying traceable products. During their visit, Xing’s team showed Brazilian officials and businesspeople how they add QR codes to eggs so consumers can trace them to their originating farm. Traceability makes it easier for regulators to track the origin of disease outbreaks, and for companies to drop suppliers involved in environmental crimes. People are willing to pay twice as much for those eggs, Xing said. The Beef on Track certification will be ready for meatpackers, supermarkets and importers to adopt by the end of the year. Its lowest-level standard is comparable to one used by Brazil’s federal prosecutors’ office to monitor whether farms directly supplying the beef industry comply with environmental and labor laws. That program approved suppliers that produce 2.7 million tons of beef a year, only a fifth of what Brazil produces, but almost twice China’s imports last year. The beef Tianjin imports this year will be part of this output. No Brazilian meatpackers have announced plans to adopt the certification, though. Imaflora argues the certification it designed will create opportunity rather than become an obstacle to producers, as they say has happened with timber and coffee. &#34;The industry is still trying to understand how this certification can recognize and value Brazilian products, in a scenario of geopolitical tension,&#34; said Marina Guyot, an Imaflora policy manager. But she added, the certification is supposed to recognize what companies are already doing to fulfill their own sustainability and traceability pledges. &#34;It’s a certification that creates the possibility of valuing this effort,&#34; she said. (Reporting and writing by Manuela Andreoni. Editing by Emily Schmall and Rod Nickel)</p>
<div class="lb-trans"><p>作者：Manuela Andreoni，聖保羅，5 月 9 日（路透社）——當邢豔玲在微信上發佈她四月訪問巴西亞馬遜的消息時，她向中國的朋友們描述了被 “成千上萬種綠色包圍” 的難忘感受。邢豔玲並不是普通遊客。她領導着天津肉類行業協會，代表着負責約 40% 中國從巴西進口牛肉的進口商。在她的領導下，天津的成員承諾在年底前購買 50,000 公噸無森林砍伐認證的巴西牛肉，這可能是中國作為全球商品貿易中最強大力量之一，願意為更環保的供應鏈支付更多費用的早期跡象。這個數字佔預計今年巴西牛肉出口商向中國銷售的 4.5%。這一承諾挑戰了巴西農民長期以來的假設：即世界上最大的牛肉和大豆進口國中國只關心價格。與此同時，中國政府發出信號，表示希望在保護國內產業的同時，採取行動應對貿易對環境的影響。2019 年，中國修改了森林法，禁止非法木材貿易。2023 年，中國與巴西簽署了共同承諾，結束因貿易驅動的非法砍伐。從去年開始，中國國有貿易公司中糧集團承諾消除其供應鏈中的森林砍伐。與森林砍伐相關的牛肉供應鏈正適合採取具體行動，因為它對中國飲食的必要性不如大豆等其他商品，Trase 平台的全球參與負責人安德烈·瓦斯孔塞洛斯表示。“與此同時，公眾意識到，尤其是巴西牛肉是中國進口的所有農產品中與森林砍伐關聯最密切的商品，這一點得到了可用信息的支持，” 他説。根據巴西非營利組織 MapBiomas 的監測，亞馬遜雨林是世界上最大、最具生物多樣性的雨林，每年損失數十萬英畝的樹木，而 90% 的土地在被清理後立即轉變為牛的牧場。邢豔玲表示，一些中國消費者對此有所瞭解，並隨着財富的增長變得更加挑剔。“這不僅僅是 ‘便宜就是好’，” 她説。“這意味着無森林砍伐、綠色、安全和可追溯的牛肉在未來將有更強的市場。” 對於大多數面臨全球高物價的中國消費者來説，根據環境標準而非價格選擇食品產品並不現實。但該項目為消費者提供的可追溯性也緩解了食品安全的擔憂。牛肉將以 “牛肉追蹤” 標籤進行營銷，該標籤由巴西非營利組織 Imaflora 設計，包含四個合規級別，基於牛肉在供應鏈中的追溯程度以及牧場主是否能證明其農場是合法清理的。天津的進口商願意為那些證明其供應農場與合法和非法森林砍伐以及奴工無任何關聯的肉類加工商支付 10% 的溢價。如果這一轉變獲得動力，影響可能會顯著。根據政府數據和牛肉出口協會 ABIEC 的統計，中國購買了超過 10% 的巴西牛肉，其成員包括 JBS（Z98.F）和 MBRF（MBRF3.SA）。但任何影響都可能因巴西脆弱的可追溯性系統而受到削弱，該系統基於牛隻運輸文件，檢察官表示這些文件容易被不法分子偽造，以掩蓋其供應鏈中的不當行為，這種做法通常被稱為 “牛隻洗錢”。改善該系統可能需要數年時間。機會還是障礙？當邢豔玲和她的代表團抵達位於亞馬遜雨林北部的卡里奧卡農場時，牧場主阿爾泰爾·布爾拉馬基並沒有期待更多的收穫。他向他們展示了他的牛和他土地上廣闊的雨林保護區。午餐結束時，代表團興奮不已，詢問他是否夢想將他的牛肉作為保護亞馬遜雨林的產品在中國銷售。這個想法既令人興奮又讓人感到壓力。“我從與他們的對話中瞭解到，他們希望有一種對願意為之付費的人羣更有附加值的產品，” 他説。“但那部分人羣可能比整個巴西人口還要多。” 在更廣泛的行業中，天津的可持續發展項目受到的反響較為冷淡。牛肉出口集團 ABIEC 對邢豔玲的努力表示不滿，最近與其領導層交談的兩人告訴路透社。他們的擔憂是，持續牛肉的需求可能會給已經受限的市場增加障礙。今年，中國對牛肉進口實施了配額，以保護其國內產業，預計到下個月底，巴西將達到 110 萬噸的配額上限，而天津計劃在此時進口其首批獲得可持續認證的牛肉。ABIEC 在一份聲明中表示，它 “支持專注於認證的倡議，但認為任何新標籤應與已建立的系統保持一致，避免重疊和缺乏公共基礎設施實施的要求，這可能會對生產造成潛在障礙。” 它沒有回答路透社提出的問題。配額可能會減緩天津的計劃，因為達到配額後的任何牛肉進口需支付 55% 的中國税。北京在全球牛肉生產預計下降的一年引入了配額，因為牧場主在美國和巴西重建牛羣，導致包括中國在內的許多國家價格上漲。附加值中國消費者習慣於購買可追溯的產品。在訪問期間，邢豔玲的團隊向巴西官員和商界人士展示了他們如何在雞蛋上添加二維碼，以便消費者可以追溯到其來源農場。可追溯性使監管機構更容易追蹤疾病爆發的來源，也使公司能夠放棄涉及環境犯罪的供應商。邢豔玲表示，人們願意為這些雞蛋支付兩倍的價格。“牛肉追蹤” 認證將在年底前準備好供肉類加工商、超市和進口商採用。其最低標準與巴西聯邦檢察官辦公室用於監測直接向牛肉行業供應的農場是否遵守環境和勞動法的標準相當。該項目批准的供應商每年生產 270 萬噸牛肉，僅佔巴西生產的五分之一，但幾乎是中國去年進口量的兩倍。今年天津進口的牛肉將是這一產出的部分。然而，目前沒有巴西肉類加工商宣佈計劃採用該認證。Imaflora 認為其設計的認證將創造機會，而不是成為生產者的障礙，正如木材和咖啡行業所發生的那樣。“行業仍在努力理解這一認證如何在地緣政治緊張的情況下識別和重視巴西產品，” Imaflora 政策經理瑪麗娜·吉約特表示。但她補充道，該認證旨在認可公司為履行自身可持續性和可追溯性承諾所做的努力。“這是一項創造價值的認證，” 她説。（報道和撰寫：Manuela Andreoni，編輯：Emily Schmall 和 Rod Nickel）</p>
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中國不斷變化的消費習慣如何可能保護亞馬遜雨林